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HandWiki. Chloramine. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/34867 (accessed on 08 October 2026).
HandWiki. Chloramine. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/34867. Accessed October 08, 2026.
HandWiki. "Chloramine" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/34867 (accessed October 08, 2026).
HandWiki. (2022, November 16). Chloramine. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/34867
HandWiki. "Chloramine." Encyclopedia. Web. 16 November, 2022.
Chloramine
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The content is sourced from: https://handwiki.org/wiki/Chemistry:Chloramine

Chloramines are derivatives of ammonia by substitution of one, two or three hydrogen atoms with chlorine atoms: monochloramine (chloroamine, NH2Cl), dichloramine (NHCl2), and nitrogen trichloride (NCl3). The term chloramine also refers to a family of organic compounds with the formulas R2NCl and RNCl2 (where R is an organic group). Monochloramine (chloramine) is an inorganic compound with the formula NH2Cl. It is an unstable colorless liquid at its melting point of −66 °C (−87 °F), but it is usually handled as a dilute aqueous solution, in which form it is sometimes used as a disinfectant. Chloramine is too unstable to have its boiling point measured. It is listed as a tumorigen and mutagen. The wholesale cost in the developing world is about 13.80 to 18.41 U.S. dollars per 500 grams.

trichloride monochloramine dichloramine

References

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  2. http://www.epa.gov/fedrgstr/EPA-WATER/2006/January/Day-04/w03.pdf
  3. Stuart W. Krasner (2009-10-13). The formation and control of emerging disinfection by-products of health concern. 367. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. pp. 4077–95. doi:10.1098/rsta.2009.0108. http://rsta.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/367/1904/4077.abstract. 
  4. Marie Lynn Miranda (February 2007). "Changes in Blood Lead Levels Associated with Use of Chloramines in Water Treatment Systems". Environmental Health Perspectives 115 (2): 221–5. doi:10.1289/ehp.9432. PMID 17384768.  http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1817676
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  11. Richardson, Susan D.; Plewa, Michael J.; Wagner, Elizabeth D.; Schoeny, Rita; DeMarini, David M. (2007). "Occurrence, genotoxicity, and carcinogenicity of regulated and emerging disinfection by-products in drinking water: A review and roadmap for research". Mutation Research/Reviews in Mutation Research 636 (1–3): 178–242. doi:10.1016/j.mrrev.2007.09.001. PMID 17980649.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.mrrev.2007.09.001
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  13. Ura, Yasukazu; Sakata, Gozyo (2007). "Chloroamines". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry (7th ed.). Wiley. p. 5. 
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  15. Morris, J. C. (1966). "Future of chlorination". J. Am. Water Works Assoc. 58: 1475–1482. 
  16. Hakim, Nadey (2009). Artificial Organs. London: Springer-Verlag. p. 51. ISBN 9781848822818. https://books.google.com/books?id=kBh3DeQhb44C&pg=PA51#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved 2014-06-14. "Water that contains chloramine is safe for people to drink, bathe, and cook in because the digestive process neutralizes it. Chloramine can, however, easily harm patients if it enters the blood stream during the dialysis process causing hemolytic anemia." 
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  21. Ward, D. M. (Oct 1996). "Chloramine removal from water used in hemodialysis". Adv. Ren. Replace Ther. 3 (4): 337–347. PMID 8914698.  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8914698
  22. Handbook of Dialysis, page 81
  23. Brewing, Michael Lewis
  24. "Experiments in Removing Chlorine and Chloramine From Brewing Water" (PDF). 1998-11-03. Archived from the original on 2013-11-10. https://web.archive.org/web/20131110055501/http://hbd.org/ajdelange/Brewing_articles/BT_Chlorine.pdf. Retrieved 2013-11-23. 
  25. Lindsay Smith, J. R.; McKeer, L. C.; Taylor, J. M.. "4-Chlorination of Electron-Rich Benzenoid Compounds: 2,4-Dichloromethoxybenzene". Organic Syntheses 67: 222. doi:10.15227/orgsyn.067.0222. http://www.orgsyn.org/demo.aspx?prep=CV8P0167. ; Collective Volume, 8, pp. 167 
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