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Topic Review
Biosynthesis of Nanoparticles Using Plant Extracts
Plant extracts and essential oils have a wide variety of molecules with potential application in different fields such as medicine, the food industry, and cosmetics. Furthermore, these plant derivatives are widely interested in human and animal health, including potent antitumor, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, and bactericidal activity. Given this diversity, different methodologies were needed to optimize the extraction, purification, and characterization of each class of biomolecules. In addition, these plant products can still be used in the synthesis of nanomaterials to reduce the undesirable effects of conventional synthesis routes based on hazardous/toxic chemical reagents and associate the properties of nanomaterials with those present in extracts and essential oils. 
  • 814
  • 10 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Biowaste for Electrodes in Energy Storage Applications
The common waste management methods which include direct dumping into water bodies, open-air combustion, and as land fillers are obsolete and are the major causes of environmental pollution. Conversion of biowastes into valuable materials aids proper waste management, and helps to attain a cleaner environment, in addition to the fact that wastes are turned into wealth. Biowastes are rich in carbon and can serve as excellent precursors for the synthesis of important carbon materials such as activated carbon, graphene, carbon nanotubes etc. 
  • 443
  • 21 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Birch Plywood
Increasing demand pressures on the fibre supply are forcing manufacturers to explore using new species in plywood. Here authors investigated aspen and black alder, alone and in combination with birch faces, and with different veneer thicknesses in plywood production.
  • 2.8K
  • 09 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Bis-Chalcone-Based Photoinitiators of Polymerization
Over the past several decades, photopolymerization has become an active research field, and the ongoing efforts to develop new photoinitiating systems are supported by the different applications in which this polymerization technique is involved—including dentistry, 3D and 4D printing, adhesives, and laser writing.
  • 723
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Bismuth Ferrite
Bismuth ferrite was first discovered to harness its ferroelectric and magnetoelectric properties; the bulk BFO prepared in the 1960s–1970s were marred with high conductivity and secondary phases, which resulted in the loss of motivation over the years. It was not until the early 2000s that the research in single crystals, high-quality BFO thin films, and ceramics brought back researchers into BFO. It is an ABO3 type perovskite compound that crystalizes into the rhombohedral R3c group, hence possessing multiferroic properties due to its noncentrosymmetric nature. In ABO3, perovskite A is Bismuth (Bi) and occupies the corner of the perovskite unit cell, B is iron (Fe), the central atom with an oxygen octahedral arrangement. There is a tilting of oxygen octahedral, which doubles the pseudocubic unit cell giving rhombohedral unit cell. There is an equivalence between pseudocubic unit cell, rhombohedral and hexagonal unit cell representation and hence Figure 2 gives the hexagonal representation. The ferroelectric Curie temperature (TC) of BFO is as high as ~1103 K and antiferromagnetic Neel temperature (TN) is ~643 K. It exhibits a weak net magnetization as the G- type magnetic ordering with an incommensurate cycloidal spin structure having a periodicity of 62 nm. The chemical substitution of A and B sites are considered as one of the alternatives for enhancing the net magnetization via disruption of the cycloidal chain
  • 2.7K
  • 04 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Bismuth Halide Perovskites for CO2 Photoreduction
Inspired by natural photosynthesis, the photocatalytic CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) stands as a viable strategy to produce solar fuels and mitigate the high dependence on highly polluting fossil fuels, as well as to decrease the CO2 concentration in the atmosphere. The design of efficient photocatalytic materials is crucial to ensure the long-term application of the CO2RR process. So far, perovskite materials have shown high efficiencies in CO2RR to generate different solar fuels, specially lead halide perovskites (LHP), which exhibit valuable features for the obtention of high production yields (e.g., narrow band gaps, adequate potentials for CO2RR, good charge transport properties, etc.). Nonetheless, the presence of lead involves an important environmental impact that cannot be negligible in the design of industrial-scale photocatalytic processes. Hence, the search for efficient Lead-free Halide Perovskites (LFHP) remains a high-priority task in the research of functional materials for CO2RR, since LFHPs could maintain the properties of LHPs, while keeping low environmental impacts and accessible costs of production. As an alternative, bismuth-based LFHPs have gained much attention due to their higher absorption coefficients, their more efficient charge transfer (compared to oxide perovskites), and their required thermodynamic potential for CO2RR. However, despite all the remarkable advantages of bismuth halide perovskites, their use has been limited, owing to instability concerns. The performance of bismuth-based LFHPs are discussed, as well as stability strategies from intrinsic and extrinsic standpoints.
  • 570
  • 13 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Bismuth Oxychloride Nanomaterials in Biomedical Applications
Photocatalytic nanomaterials (NMs) have been used for degrading pollution for a long time. As a typical photocatalytic NM, bismuth oxychloride (BiOCl) exhibits excellent photocatalytic performance due to its unique layered structure, electronic properties, optical properties, good photocatalytic activity, and stability. Some environmental pollutants, such as volatile organic compounds, antibiotics and their derivatives, heavy metal ions, pesticides, and microorganisms, could not only be detected but also be degraded by BiOCl-based NMs due to their excellent photocatalytic and photoelectrochemical properties. In particular, BiOCl-based NMs have been used as theranostic platforms because of their CT and photoacoustic imaging abilities, as well as photodynamic and photothermal performances.
  • 381
  • 26 May 2022
Topic Review
Bismuth-Based Composites for Energy Storage Systems
Bismuth (Bi) has been prompted many investigations into the development of next-generation energy storage systems on account of its unique physicochemical properties. Although there are still some challenges, the application of metallic Bi-based materials in the field of energy storage still has good prospects. 
  • 189
  • 17 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Bisphenol A in Related Pathological Conditions
Bisphenol A (BPA) is one of the so-called endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and is thought to be involved in the pathogenesis of different morbid conditions: immune-mediated disorders, type-2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. 
  • 739
  • 27 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Bisphosphonate-Based Conjugates and Derivatives
Metastatic bone cancer occurs in every type of cancer but is prevalent in lung, breast, and prostate cancers. These metastases can cause extensive morbidity, including a range of skeletal-related events, often painful and linked with substantial hospital resource usage. The treatment used is a combination of chemotherapy and surgery. However, anticancer drugs are still limited because of severe side effects, drug resistance, poor blood supply, and non-specific drug uptake, necessitating high toxic doses. Bisphosphonates are the dominant class of drugs used to inhibit metastatic bone cancer. It is also used to treat osteoporosis and other bone diseases. However, bisphosphonate also suffers from serious side effects. Thus, there is a serious need to develop bisphosphonate conjugates with promising therapeutic outcomes for treating metastatic bone cancer and osteoporosis. This review article focuses on the biological outcomes of designed bisphosphonate-based conjugates for the treatment of metastatic bone cancer and osteoporosis. 
  • 487
  • 09 Jul 2021
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