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Topic Review
Carica papaya Leaf Extract
Carica papaya (papaya) leaf extract has been used for a long time in a traditional medicine to treat fever in some infectious diseases such as dengue, malaria, and chikungunya. The development of science and technology has subsequently made it possible to provide evidence that this plant is not only beneficial as an informal medication, but also that it has scientifically proven pharmacological and toxicological activities, which have led to its formal usage in professional health care systems.
  • 1.5K
  • 08 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Bitumen and Bitumen Modification
According to the European specification (EN 12597), bitumen is defined as a virtually involatile, adhesive, and waterproofing material derived from crude oil, or present in natural asphalt, which is completely or nearly completely soluble in toluene, and very viscous or nearly solid at ambient temperatures. It is well-accepted that the original characteristics of bitumen are highly dependent on its production and processing procedure, as well as bitumen crude oil characteristics. Good crude oils and proper distillation processes can enhance bitumen properties.
  • 1.5K
  • 17 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Surfactants in Corrosion Inhibitors
Surfactants are commonly used as corrosion inhibitors due to their ability to adsorb onto metal surfaces and form a protective barrier. When surfactants are added to a solution, they can reduce the surface tension and promote the wetting of the metal surface by the solution. This allows the surfactant molecules to be attracted to the metal surface, where they can adsorb and form a protective layer. Surfactants can also help to inhibit corrosion by reducing the electrochemical activity of the metal surface. This can be achieved by either reducing the rate of anodic or cathodic reactions, or by reducing the rate of ion transport across the metal-solution interface. By inhibiting these electrochemical processes, the surfactant can slow down the rate of corrosion and prevent further degradation of the metal surface. In addition to their inhibitive properties, surfactants can also improve the performance of other corrosion inhibitors. For example, surfactants can enhance the adsorption of organic inhibitors onto metal surfaces, which can increase their effectiveness. Surfactants can also improve the solubility and stability of inorganic inhibitors, which can improve their dispersibility in a solution.
  • 1.5K
  • 24 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Production Methods of Peptides
Peptides are organic polymers composed of 2–50 amino acids linked to each other by means of covalent amide (=peptide) bonds. The composition, length and sequence of the amino acid chain have a dramatic influence on the activity of the peptide itself, for example in the human body. Peptides are called bioactive if they have a beneficial impact on body functions, on biological processes and, as a consequence, on health. The main production methods to obtain peptides are enzymatic hydrolysis, microbial fermentation, recombinant approach and, especially, chemical synthesis. 
  • 1.5K
  • 01 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Polyphenylsulfone Membrane
Polyphenylsulfone (PPSU) membranes are of fundamental importance for many applications such as water treatment, gas separation, energy, electronics, and biomedicine, due to their low cost, controlled crystallinity, chemical, thermal, and mechanical stability. Numerous research studies have shown that modifying surface properties of PPSU membranes influences their stability and functionality. Therefore, the modification of the PPSU membrane surface is a pressing issue for both research and industrial communities.
  • 1.5K
  • 10 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Electrodiffusion in Neuroscience and NPP-Equations
There are two main processes governing the ionic transport, i.e., diffusion—the particle motion caused by a gradient of concentration, and migration—motion of ions caused by a gradient of electrical potential. These two processes are referred to as electrodiffusion. Electrodiffusion of electrolytes serves as a mean for communication in the nervous system. It can directly affect the excitatory transmission in the synaptic cleft. Electrodiffusion maintains the local ions concentration in brain extracellular spaces at heathy levels but may be also involved in the propagation of epileptic seizures during pathological conditions. The accurate interpretation of physiological observations requires better understanding of the underlying electrodiffusion phenomena.The description of electrodiffusion is very often performed using the Nernst–Planck–Poisson (NPP) model. It has been acknowledged that the spatiotemporal dynamics of the ion concentrations in thin dendrites and dendritic spines of nerve cells follow the Nernst–Planck equation, and sub-membrane currents in neuronal membrane have already been successfully described using the NPP model.
  • 1.5K
  • 29 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Identification of New Psychoactive Substances
New (or novel) psychoactive substances (NPS) or “designer drugs”, substances that are not controlled by the 1961 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs or the 1971 Convention on Psychotropic Substances, pose public health threats. NPS are widely available on the web, through local head shops, on streets and in schools. Many chemical and nucleic acid based methods can be used to detect and identify these substances.
  • 1.5K
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Zinc-Based Metal-Organic Frameworks
The design and structural frameworks for targeted drug delivery of medicinal compounds and improved cell imaging have been developed with several advantages. However, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are supplemented tremendously for medical uses with efficient efficacy. These MOFs are considered as an absolutely new class of porous materials, extensively used in drug delivery systems, cell imaging, and detecting the analytes, especially for cancer biomarkers, due to their excellent biocompatibility, easy functionalization, high storage capacity, and excellent biodegradability. While Zn-metal centers in MOFs have been found by enhanced efficient detection and improved drug delivery, these Zn-based MOFs have appeared to be safe as elucidated by different cytotoxicity assays for targeted drug delivery. On the other hand, the MOF-based heterogeneous catalyst is durable and can regenerate multiple times without losing activity. Therefore, as functional carriers for drug delivery, cell imaging, and chemosensory, MOFs’ chemical composition and flexible porous structure allowed engineering to improve their medical formulation and functionality.
  • 1.5K
  • 16 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Structure-Based Virtual Screening
Molecular docking plays a significant role in early-stage drug discovery, from structure-based virtual screening (VS) to hit-to-lead optimization. VS is a computational approach used to identify chemical structures that are predicted to have particular properties. In drug discovery, it involves computationally searching large libraries of chemical structures to identify those structures that are most likely to bind to a target protein.
  • 1.5K
  • 04 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Two-Dimensional Materials in Photodetector
A photodetector converts optical signals to detectable electrical signals. Lately, self-powered photodetectors have been widely studied because of their advantages in device miniaturization and low power consumption, which make them preferable in various applications, especially those related to green technology and flexible electronics. Since self-powered photodetectors do not have an external power supply at zero bias, it is important to ensure that the built-in potential in the device produces a sufficiently thick depletion region that efficiently sweeps the carriers across the junction, resulting in detectable electrical signals even at very low-optical power signals. Therefore, two-dimensional (2D) materials are explored as an alternative to silicon-based active regions in the photodetector. In addition, plasmonic effects coupled with self-powered photodetectors will further enhance light absorption and scattering, which contribute to the improvement of the device’s photocurrent generation.
  • 1.5K
  • 06 May 2021
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