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Topic Review
Polyethylene Composites
Polyethylene (PE) is one the most used plastics worldwide for a wide range of applications due to its good mechanical and chemical resistance, low density, cost efficiency, ease of processability, non-reactivity, low toxicity, good electric insulation, and good functionality.
  • 2.0K
  • 10 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Ginger
Ginger in its many forms, from juices of the fresh rhizome, to ginger powder and ginger essential oil, is growing in popularity for claimed universal health benefits. Nevertheless, and contrarily to the common notion of the public, ginger is not devoid of side effects, especially interactions with other drugs, and many of the claimed benefits remain to be substantiated. 
  • 2.0K
  • 17 Jun 2021
Topic Review
ZnO and TiO2 Green Synthesis
Over the last two decades, oxide nanostructures have been continuously evaluated and used in many technological applications. The advancement of the controlled synthesis approach to design desired morphology is a fundamental key to the discipline of material science and nanotechnology. These nanostructures can be prepared via different physical and chemical methods; however, a green synthesis approach is a promising way to produce these nanostructures with desired properties with time and energy savings and/or less use of hazardous chemicals. In this regard, ZnO and TiO2 nanostructures are prominent candidates for various applications given their thermal stability, non-toxicity and cost-effective. 
  • 2.0K
  • 06 May 2021
Topic Review
Polylactic Acid and Its Synthesis
Biomaterials are natural or engineered substances that interact with components of living systems that can be exploited for a medical purpose, either as therapeutic or diagnostic agents.  Poly-(lactic Acid) (PLA) is a compostable polymer derived from corn sugar, potato, and sugar cane whose promising physicochemical properties are comparable to those of petroleum-based polymers, such as polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, polycarbonate, and polyethylene terephthalate. PLA is a semicrystalline polymer that hydrolyses in physiological media, yielding lactic acid, a non-toxic component that is eliminated via the Krebs cycle as water and carbon dioxide. The biocompatibility, biodegradability, and resorbability characteristics of PLA have promoted its use in the biomedical field for a wide range of applications (suture threads, bone fixation screws, drug delivery systems, etc.), offering an alternative to conventional biocompatible materials such as metals and ceramics.
  • 2.0K
  • 30 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Zwitterionics Surfactants
Zwitterions are molecules that contain both a positive and negative charge within the same molecule. They are electrically neutral as a whole, but have distinct positive and negative regions within the molecule. The most common example of a zwitterion is the amino acid molecule, which contains both a carboxyl group (-COOH) and an amino group (-NH2) within the same molecule. The carboxyl group is negatively charged at physiological pH, while the amino group is positively charged, resulting in a net charge of zero for the molecule as a whole. Zwitterions have unique properties that make them useful in various applications. They are often used as buffer solutions in biochemistry and molecular biology, as they can maintain a stable pH even when small amounts of acid or base are added. Zwitterions are also used as surfactants, due to their amphipathic nature (i.e. they have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions). They are used in applications such as detergents and fabric softeners, where they can help to reduce surface tension and improve the wetting and dispersibility of the product. Zwitterionic surfactants have a unique structure that allows them to interact with a wide range of substances, making them useful in various applications. The unique combination of positive and negative charges in the same molecule provides a balance that enables them to interact with both hydrophilic and hydrophobic substances, allowing them to solubilize oils and greases, emulsify water-insoluble substances, and reduce surface tension.
  • 2.0K
  • 24 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Non-Sieving Mechanism
Non-sieving mechanism is a particle removal process in which particles smaller than the membrane pores are captured by adsorption at the pore surface. The non-sieving mechanism plays an important role for charged solute. There are three accepted non-sieving mechanisms: Donnan exclusion, dielectric exclusion, and hydration mechanism.
  • 2.0K
  • 18 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Carbon Coating Method
The carbon coating has the following main mechanisms: (1) Modifying surface chemical stability, (2) Enhancing structural stability, and (3) Improving Li-ion diffusion. 
  • 2.0K
  • 07 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Sweat as a Biological Fluid of Alcohol Detection
The continued focus on improving the quality of human life has encouraged the development of increasingly efficient, durable, and cost-effective products in healthcare. Over the last decade, there has been substantial development in the field of technical and interactive textiles that combine expertise in electronics, biology, chemistry, and physics. Most recently, the creation of biosensors capable of quantifying biometric data in biological fluids to detect a specific disease or the physical condition of an individual is being studied. The ultimate goal is to provide access to medical diagnosis anytime and anywhere. Presently, alcohol is considered the most commonly used addictive substance worldwide, being one of the main causes of death in road accidents. 
  • 2.0K
  • 05 May 2022
Topic Review
PEC Reactors for Water/Wastewater Treatment
Now and in the coming years, how we use and treat water, greywater and wastewater will become more important. A suitably designed photoelectrocatalytic (PEC) reactor is one potential solution. The photoexcitation of suitable semiconducting materials in aqueous environments can lead to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS can inactivate microorganisms and degrade a range of chemical compounds. In the case of heterogeneous photocatalysis, semiconducting materials may suffer from fast recombination of electron–hole pairs and require post-treatment to separate the photocatalyst when a suspension system is used. To reduce recombination and improve the rate of degradation, an externally applied electrical bias can be used where the semiconducting material is immobilised onto an electrically conducive support and connected to a counter electrode. These electrochemically assisted photocatalytic systems have been termed “photoelectrocatalytic” (PEC). The term is stated in the IUPAC Recommendations 2011 as “electrochemically assisted photocatalysis. The role of the photocatalyst is played by a photoelectrode, often a semiconductor”. A short description of photocatalysis is included as it can be beneficial for those unfamiliar with the topic, before moving onto PEC. This entry is adapted from https://doi.org/10.3390/w13091198
  • 2.0K
  • 20 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Corrosion Cracking in Palladium
Cathodic corrosion is evidenced by the formation of transient complexes of palladium. It is obvious to see a peak of palladium transient by cyclic voltammetry for different amounts of deposited hydrogen expressed as a current during back-diffusion. Therefore, in the part located at the surface of electrolyte, drastic structural changes lead to loss of cohesion and cracking. The objective of this project is to take into account the mechanical constraints formed by diffusion of hydrogen or isotope and the cathodic corrosion produced by formation of superficial hydride transients, both responsible of destruction of palladium or alloyed cathode. To know the origin of these, it was necessary to discriminating the damaging effects encountered.
  • 2.0K
  • 02 Nov 2020
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