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Topic Review
SPE/DLLME for Determining Plasticizer Residues
This entry aims to compare two extraction procedures for the analysis of phthalates (PAE) in hot drinks collected from vending machines, usually coffee and tea. The two analytical procedures rely on solid phase extraction (SPE) using C18 cartridge and ultrasound and vortex assisted liquid-liquid dispersive microextraction (DLLME) to mechanically improve dispersion, each followed by a routine analytical method such as GC- FID. Seven phthalates (DMP, DEP, DiBP, DBP, DEHP, DOP, DDP) were analyzed and determined. All analytical parameters (i.e., recovery, limit of detection, limit of quantification, enrichment factors, repeatability, reproducibility) were studied and discussed, as well as the matrix effect. The whole procedure was applied to hot drink matrices, for example coffee, decaffeinated coffee.
  • 681
  • 13 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Rapid Discrimination of Citrus reticulata ‘Chachi’ by ESI-IM-HRMS
 A common idea is that some dishonest businessmen often disguise Citrus reticulata Blanco varieties as Citrus reticulata ‘Chachi’, which places consumers at risk of economic losses.
  • 680
  • 22 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Endocrine Disruptors
Endocrine disruptors (EDs) are contaminants that may mimic or interfere with the body’s hormones, hampering the normal functions of the endocrine system in humans and animals. These substances, either natural or man-made, are involved in development, breeding, and immunity, causing a wide range of diseases and disorders. The traditional detection methods such as enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and chromatography are still the golden techniques for EDs detection due to their high sensitivity, robustness, and accuracy. Nevertheless, they have the disadvantage of being expensive and time-consuming, requiring bulky equipment or skilled personnel. On the other hand, early stage detection of EDs on-the-field requires portable devices fulfilling the Affordable, Sensitive, Specific, User-friendly, Rapid and Robust, Equipment free, Deliverable to end users (ASSURED) norms. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS)-based sensors can be easily implemented in fully automated, sample-to-answer devices by integrating electrodes in microfluidic chips.
  • 680
  • 01 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Lipid-Nucleic Acid Complexes
An important advantage of Nucleic Acid (NA)-based therapies over synthetic drugs and protein treatments is the prospect of a more universal approach to designing therapies. Designing NAs with different sequences, for different targets, can be achieved by using the same technologies. This versatility and scalability of NA drug design and production on demand open the way for more efficient, affordable and personalized treatments in the future. However, the delivery of exogenous therapeutic NAs into the patients’ targeted cells is also challenging. Membrane-type lipids exhibiting permanent or transient cationic character have been shown to associate with NAs (anionic), forming nanosized lipid-NA complexes. These complexes form a wide variety of nanostructures, depending on the global formulation composition and properties of the lipids and NAs. Importantly, these different lipid-NA nanostructures interact with cells via different mechanisms and their therapeutic potential can be optimized to promising levels in vitro. The complexes are also highly customizable in terms of surface charge and functionalization to allow a wide range of targeting and smart-release properties. Most importantly, these synthetic particles offer possibilities for scaling-up and affordability for the population at large. Hence, the versatility and scalability of these particles seem ideal to accommodate the versatility that NA therapies offer.   
  • 680
  • 29 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Thiazolidinedione Derivatives
Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are a kind of DMII drug. The data revealed that compounds (4–6) have higher potency than the reference drugs. Compounds (4–7) were able to regulate hyperlipidemia levels (cholesterol, triglyceride, high-density lipoproteins and low- and very-low-density lipoproteins) to nearly normal value at the 30th day.
  • 680
  • 29 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Langmuir–Blodgett Graphene-Based Films
The prevalence of photosynthesis, as the major natural solar energy transduction mechanism or biophotovoltaics (BPV), has always intrigued mankind. The development of high performance and durable BPVs is dependent on upgraded anode materials with electrochemically dynamic nanostructures. However, the current challenges in the optimization of anode materials remain significant barriers towards the development of commercially viable technology. Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) film has been substantiated as an efficacious film-forming technique to tackle the above limitations of algal BPVs; however, the aforesaid technology remains vastly untapped in BPVs.
  • 680
  • 08 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Synthesis of Squaraine Dyes
Squaraine dye is a popular class of contrast near-infrared (NIR) dyes. Squaraine dyes have shown the ability to be modified with various heterocycles. The indole moiety is the most notable heterocycle incorporated in squaraine dyes.
  • 680
  • 26 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Circular Fashion
The textile and fashion industry has had significant technological developments but is currently criticised for its environmental and social impacts and for being a major contributor to waste. The rise of the circular economy (CE) has promoted more sustainable concepts, including the trending of recycling strategies to add value to the textile and plastic waste. However, adding value to products and for users implies technical upscaling and clear communication about the benefits of recycling.
  • 679
  • 07 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Liquid Chromatography Separation Mechanism
Separation is a critical process to isolate a particular compound, whether it is a natural product or a synthetic product. Studies of a compound’s characteristics and elucidation structure provides reliable results for pure compounds because there is no interference from other compounds. The primary source of difficulty in a separation process is the high similarity between two or more compounds, such as racemic and homologous mixtures. Liquid chromatography has proven to be an effective solution to those problems. The key to liquid chromatography separation is a sustainable retention and elution process. Stationary phases are essential for separating compounds in liquid chromatography. Various liquid chromatography columns of both preparative and quantitative types have been used and continue to develop. This research will discuss the separation mechanism in liquid chromatography.
  • 679
  • 02 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Biological Effects of Natural Acylated Flavonoids
Acylated flavonoids are widely distributed natural metabolites in medicinal plants and foods with several health attributes. Flavonoids are secondary metabolites that are widely distributed in planta, and they are well recognized for their health benefits, viz., anticancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and as neuro- and cardio-protective effects. Flavonoids are phytochemicals comprising a benzopyrone ring bearing a phenolic or poly-phenolic group at different positions, classified based on their chemical structure, degree of unsaturation, and oxidation of carbon ring, viz., anthoxanthins (flavanone and flavanol), flavanones, flavanonols, flavans, chalcones, anthocyanidins, and isoflavonoids.
  • 679
  • 14 Sep 2022
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