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Topic Review
Alloplastic Bone Substitutes
Various bone graft products are commercially available worldwide. However, there is no clear consensus regarding the appropriate bone graft products in different clinical situations. This study is intended to summarize bone graft products, especially alloplastic bone substitutes that are available in multiple countries. It also provides dental clinicians with detailed and accurate information concerning these products. Furthermore, it discusses the prospects of alloplastic bone substitutes based on an analysis of the current market status, as well as a comparison of trends among countries. 
  • 972
  • 17 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Allosteric GABAA Receptor Modulators
Among the mammalian ligand-gated ion channels, the GABAA receptor family comprises the largest family with subunits encoded by 19 different genes. Some of these undergo alternative splicing, and, thereby, increase the variety. Their endogenous ligand known as the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) has been established as the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.
  • 739
  • 29 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Alloying Elements and Mechanical Characteristics of Mg-Based Materials
Magnesium alloys are widely employed in various applications due to their high strength-to-weight ratio and superior mechanical properties as compared to unalloyed Magnesium. Alloying is considered an important way to enhance the strength of the metal matrix composite but it significantly influences the damping property of pure magnesium, while controlling the rate of corrosion for Mg-based material remains critical in the biological environment. Therefore, it is essential to reinforce the magnesium alloy with a suitable alloying element that improves the mechanical characteristics and resistance to corrosion of Mg-based material. Biocompatibility, biodegradability, lower stress shielding effect, bio-activeness, and non-toxicity are the important parameters for biomedical applications other than mechanical and corrosion properties. The development of various surface modifications is also considered a suitable approach to control the degradation rate of Mg-based materials, making lightweight Mg-based materials highly suitable for biomedical implants. 
  • 1.3K
  • 01 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Aloe vera
Aloe vera plant offers a sustainable solution for the removal of various pollutants from water. Due to its chemical composition, Aloe vera has been explored as coagulant/flocculant and biosorbent for water treatment. 
  • 3.8K
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Alpha-Amanitin
alpha-Amanitin or α-amanitin is a cyclic peptide of eight amino acids. It is possibly the most deadly of all the amatoxins, toxins found in several species of the mushroom genus Amanita, one being the death cap (Amanita phalloides) as well as the destroying angel, a complex of similar species, principally A. virosa and A. bisporigera. It is also found in the mushrooms Galerina marginata and Conocybe filaris. The oral -1">50 of amanitin is 100 μg/kg for rats. Unlike most cyclic peptides, amatoxins (and phallotoxins) are synthesized on ribosomes. The genes encoding the proprotein for α-amanitin belong to the same family as those that encode for phallacidin (a phallotoxin).
  • 584
  • 14 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Alpha-Ketoglutarate and 5-HMF
Clinical and pre-clinical studies of an anti-tumoral solution containing aKG, 5-HMF, N-acetyl-selenomethionine, and N-acetylmethionine for treating tumors showed, on one hand, good therapeutic efficacy during infusion therapy in prostate cancer patients by increasing the PSA doubling time; on the other hand, a reduction of tumoral mass was shown in lung cancer patients.
  • 685
  • 19 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Alternative Materials from Agro-Industry for Wood Panel Manufacturing
The growing demand for wood-based panels for buildings and furniture and the increasing worldwide concern for reducing the pressure on forest resources require alternatives to wood raw materials. The agricultural industry not only can provide raw materials from non-wood plants but also numerous residues and side streams. An overview of the availability was supplied, chemical composition, and fiber characteristics of non-wood lignocellulosic materials and agricultural residues, i.e., grow care residues, harvest residues, and process residues, and their relevance for use in wood panel manufacturing. During the crop harvest, there are millions of tons of residues in the form of stalks, among other things. Usually, these are only available seasonally without using storage capacity. Process residues, on the other hand, can be taken from ongoing production and processed further. Fiber characteristics and chemical composition affect the panel properties. Alternatives to wood with long fibers and high cellulose content offer sufficient mechanical strength in different panel types. In general, the addition of wood substitutes up to approximately 30% provides panels with the required strength properties. However, other parameters must be considered, such as pressing temperature, adhesive type, press levels, and pretreatments of the raw material. 
  • 802
  • 14 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Alternative Methods to Retting of Straw
Bast fibers, such as flax and hemp, have been used by humanity for thousands of years. In the case of processes other than dew or field retting, they can also follow field drying. In any case, the fiber plant straw is retted first in order to be able to carry out the subsequent mechanical fiber recovery by decortication, cleaning and, if necessary, opening of the coarse fiber bundles. This can be defined as primary processing of bast fiber straw. The retting process involves the controlled decomposition of those substances that bind the fiber containing tissues to the other components of the stalk as well as the fibers to each other (to form so called bundles). It is described as one of the most important steps in the whole supply chain of fibers from bast fiber plants such as hemp and flax since it affects both the ease of performing the subsequent mechanical processing steps as well as the quality of the resulting fibers.
  • 284
  • 01 Apr 2024
Topic Review
Alumina Nanocomposite
Although pure titanium and titanium alloys are highly biosafe, there are many reports of patients with metal allergies caused by titanium. In addition, it was used as a prosthesis in the oral cavity, such as the black triangle in which the gingiva turns black due to the gradual elution and deposition of metal ions in the titanium alloy, and the black margin generated when the gingiva lowers and the metal part is exposed. In some cases, there are also aesthetic issues.Zirconia is attracting attention as an alternative material to such problems. Zirconia is excellent in aesthetics and biosafety, and with the progress of CAD / CAM technology, its application in various applications has begun, and yttria-stable zirconia has already been put into practical use as a dental implant.However, yttria-stabilized zirconia, which is generally used as dental ceramics, is more brittle than metals such as titanium and has less bending properties, so there is a risk of breakage. Although yttria-stable zirconia is harder than metal, it is brittle once it is distorted, and it is a technical issue that the strength decreases when low-temperature deterioration occurs due to phase transition due to long-term use in a wet state such as in the oral cavity.On the other hand, ceria-stable zirconia-alumina composite ceramics have the same hardness as yttria-stable zirconia, and also have extremely excellent toughness, eliminating the weaknesses of ceramics such as brittleness and low-temperature deterioration in wet conditions. It is attracting attention as a ceramic.This ceramic has a nano-composite structure in which nano-sized alumina particles are incorporated into ceria-stable zirconia particles, and nano-sized ceria-stable zirconia particles are inter-dispersed in the alumina particles. , Nano zirconia). Nano zirconia has a high bending strength equivalent to that of general zirconia, and has a very high fracture toughness of 3 to 5 times that of general zirconia. Due to its high toughness as well as its strength, it is expected to be used in implan.However, nanozirconia is inferior in bone formation after implant placement compared to titanium, so surface modification is required for application as a medical device. So far, surface modification of nanozirconia has been investigated by concentrated alkali treatment, etc., but it is equivalent to titanium or titanium alloy, although it has a certain effect on the initial attachment of bone marrow cells or the induction of differentiation into hard tissue. Biocompatibility has not been achieved.
  • 746
  • 26 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Aluminium Oxide
The promising techniques of obtaining AO adsorbents are discussed, namely the technique of thermal activation in the mode of pneumatic transport with gibbsite by heated air (TCA Gb) and the technique of thermal activation of gibbsite in centrifugal flash reactors (CTA Gb).
  • 657
  • 17 Mar 2021
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