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Topic Review
Raman and Fluorescence Enhancement Approaches
The search for novel platforms and metamaterials for the enhancement of optical and particularly Raman signals is still an objective since optical techniques offer affordable, noninvasive methods with high spatial resolution and penetration depth adequate to detect and image a large variety of systems, from 2D materials to molecules in complex media and tissues. Plasmonic platforms produce the most efficient enhancement through the surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) process, allowing to reach single molecule detection, and are the most studied ones. The formation of hot-spots is clue to obtain the maximum enhancements but has counterparts regarding reproducibility and homogeneity, which are required for quantification and imaging. Other light enhancement mechanisms such as resonant and interference Raman scattering, as well as their combinations with SERS are being explored. Fluorescence enhancement platforms and strategies, so important for bio-detection and imaging, are also being developed. Graphene and related materials have an important role to play in the design of the platforms.    
  • 1.0K
  • 16 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Atomic Force Microscopy
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is one of the microscopic techniques with the highest lateral resolution. It can usually be applied in air or even in liquids, enabling the investigation of a broader range of samples than scanning electron microscopy (SEM), which is mostly performed in vacuum. Since it works by following the sample surface based on the force between the scanning tip and the sample, interactions have to be taken into account, making the AFM of irregular samples complicated, but on the other hand it allows measurements of more physical parameters than pure topography.
  • 1.0K
  • 06 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Waste Derivatives in Drilling Fluids
The increased production of waste materials is a significant concern due to their effect on public health and the environment. Mismanagement of food waste, in particular, has become a major global issue, thus prompting the need for better solutions that use these materials in different applications. Among various applications, food waste can be considered to be a sustainable alternative for additives in drilling fluids used in the oil and gas drilling industry. Chemical additives to drilling fluids are necessary components to facilitate drilling operations by enhancing the fluids’ properties, including rheology and filtrate loss. Studies have demonstrated that waste-derived materials, including food waste, have the potential to provide an environmentally safe alternative to toxic conventional chemical additives used in water-based drilling fluids. 
  • 1.0K
  • 17 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Cobalt–Chromium Dental Alloys
Co–Cr dental alloys consist of Co, Cr and also other metals (e.g., gallium, iron, molybdenum, nickel, ruthenium, tungsten). Since the 1990s, regulations have emerged to protect European patients and also monitor recent scientific knowledge. The use of metals and, therefore, dental alloys has been highly regulated by directives and regulations. Europe has, therefore, developed a regulatory package to protect all players involved in alloys, whether they are metal producers, manufacturers of alloys and medical devices, healthcare professionals and patients. Objective information is provided about Co–Cr dental alloys, with regard to both the latest toxicological data and regulatory developments from 2020–2025. The release of metal ions and the problem of wear particles are also discussed. With the recent change of regulatory status of Co, it is necessary to know the many repercussions (economic, technical etc.) of their use precisely in order to then allow actors to modify their daily work. The legislative changes also bring the need to propose new alternatives to Co-Cr dental alloys.  
  • 1.0K
  • 21 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Strychnine Poisoning
Strychnine poisoning can be fatal to humans and other animals and can occur by inhalation, swallowing or absorption through eyes or mouth. It produces some of the most dramatic and painful symptoms of any known toxic reaction, making it quite noticeable and a common choice for assassinations and poison attacks. For this reason, strychnine poisoning is often portrayed in literature and film, such as the murder mysteries written by Agatha Christie. The probable lethal oral dose in humans is 1.5 to 2 mg/kg. Similarly, the median lethal dose for dogs, cats, and rats ranges from 0.5 to 2.35 mg/kg.
  • 1.0K
  • 01 Dec 2022
Topic Review
3D Printing to Produce BioComposite
Current environmental concerns have led to a search of more environmentally friendly manufacturing methods, thus, natural fibers have gained attention in the 3D printing industry to be used as biofilters along with thermoplastics. The utilization of natural fibers is very convenient as they are easily available, cost-effective, eco-friendly, and biodegradable. Using natural fibers rather than synthetic fibers in the production of the 3D printing filaments will reduces gas emissions associated with the production of the synthetic fibers that would add to the current pollution problem. As a matter of fact, natural fibers have a reinforcing effect on plastics. This review analyzes how the properties of the different types of polymers vary when natural fibers processed to produce filaments for 3D Printing are added. The results of using natural fibers for 3D Printing are presented in this study and appeared to be satisfactory, while a limited number of studies have reported some issues.
  • 1.0K
  • 12 May 2021
Topic Review
PC-12 Cell Line
PC-12 cells have been widely used as a neuronal line study model in many biosensing devices, mainly due to the neurogenic characteristics acquired after differentiation, such as high level of secreted neurotransmitter, neuron morphology characterized by neurite outgrowth, and expression of ion and neurotransmitter receptors. 
  • 1.0K
  • 18 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Valuable Organic Acids
A ruminant-based carboxylate platform based on mixed or undefined anaerobic co-cultures of rumen microorganisms can convert the carbohydrate polymers in the lignocellulosic part of organic waste streams to carboxylic acids that can be upgraded to biofuels or green chemicals.
  • 1.0K
  • 27 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Corrosion Inhibition of Metal Surfaces Mediated by 1,2,3-Triazoles
Corrosion is generally viewed as the destructive consequence of chemical reaction between a metal or metal alloy and its environment that contains corrosive agents. Compared to inorganic corrosion inhibitors, the organic ones are less toxic, can be also used at low concentrations, and have a better film-forming ability. The adsorption properties of organic corrosion inhibitors are primarily linked to the presence of both π-electrons from aromatic rings and heteroatoms in the molecular structures. Indeed, organic compounds containing nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, and oxygen atoms have been extensively investigated as corrosion inhibitors of metals and their alloys in acidic environments. In this respect, triazole derivatives are the most used nitrogen-containing organic inhibitors, in particular the family of 1,2,3-triazoles prepared under click chemistry regime by the prolific copper-catalyzed azide cycloaddition reactions. 
  • 1.0K
  • 10 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Applications of Ellagic Acid and Its Derivatives
Ellagitannins (ETs), characterized by their diversity and chemical complexity, belong to the class of hydrolysable tannins that, via hydrolysis under acidic or alkaline conditions, can yield ellagic acid (EA). They are mostly found as a part of extractives in angiosperms. As known antioxidants and chelators, EA and EA derivatives are drawing an increasing interest towards extensive technical and biomedical applications. 
  • 1.0K
  • 29 Mar 2022
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