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Topic Review
Post-COVID Syndrome and Long-Term Consequences
Post-COVID syndrome or long COVID is defined as the persistence of symptoms after confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, the pathogen responsible for coronavirus disease. The content herein presented reviews the reported long-term consequences and aftereffects of COVID-19 infection and the potential strategies to adopt for their management. Recent studies have shown that severe forms of COVID-19 can progress into acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), a predisposing factor of pulmonary fibrosis that can irreversibly compromise respiratory function. Considering that the most serious complications are observed in the airways, the inhalation delivery of drugs directly to the lungs should be preferred, since it allows to lower the dose and systemic side effects. Although further studies are needed to optimize these techniques, recent studies have also shown the importance of in vitro models to recreate the SARS-CoV-2 infection and study its sequelae. The information reported suggests the necessity to develop new inhalation therapies in order to improve the quality of life of patients who suffer from this condition.
  • 819
  • 09 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Violence Prevention Education in Healthcare
Violence from patients and visitors towards healthcare workers is a serious international issue affecting the safety and health of workers, quality of care, and healthcare system sustainability. The main intervention is violence prevention (VP) education for healthcare workers. Both the healthcare environment and reasons for patient violence are complex, making it challenging to evaluate VP education using traditional methods. An alternative realist evaluation approach offers the ability to understand how, why and for whom VP education is effective to prevent violence and related injuries.
  • 817
  • 27 May 2021
Topic Review
Physical Exercise and the Hallmarks of Breast Cancer
Growing evidence suggests that, among the different molecular/cellular pathophysiological mechanisms associated with cancer, there are 14 hallmarks that play a major role, including: (i) sustaining proliferative signaling, (ii) evading growth suppressors, (iii) activating invasion and metastasis, (iv) enabling replicative immortality, (v) inducing angiogenesis, (vi) resisting cell death, (vii) reprogramming energy metabolism, (viii) evading immune destruction, (ix) genome instability and mutations, (x) tumor-promoting inflammation, (xi) unlocking phenotypic plasticity, (xii) nonmutational epigenetic reprogramming, (xiii) polymorphic microbiomes, and (xiv) senescent cells. These hallmarks are also associated with the development of breast cancer, which represents the most prevalent tumor type in the world. For the first time, the effects of physical activity/exercise on these hallmarks are described. In summary, an active lifestyle, and particularly regular physical exercise, provides beneficial effects on all major hallmarks associated with breast cancer, and might therefore help to counteract the progression of the disease or its associated burden.
  • 816
  • 01 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Wastewater Based Epidemiology
Wastewater-Based epidemiology (WBE) is spreading of any disease or disorder caused by the chemicals or pathogens that come from waste materials such as urine, fecal materials, medical waste  or any solid or liquid waste product. The extraction, detection, analysis, and interpretation of chemical/biological compounds (biomarkers) excreted in the sewage system can eventually contribute to WBE. So wastewater analysis could be equivalent to community-based urine and fecal analysis that can subsequently give a reflection  of community health. Under pandemic situation with time limitations and restrict access to massive diagnostic, an alternative approach as a complementary tool to investigate virus circulation in the community is essential. In the situation of limited and time-consuming diagnostic tests, monitoring sewage systems could better estimate the spread of the virus and determine whether there are potential cases because wastewater surveillance can also account for those who contract mild or asymptomatic state.
  • 816
  • 06 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Remote Assessment in Multiple Sclerosis
The provision and adoption of technological solutions and the sharing of information globally has the potential to drive knowledge acquisition and positively affect healthcare worldwide. Digital solutions offer great promise in delivering increasingly individualised, easily accessible, and effective healthcare, with the capacity to evolve with time and adapt to the changing needs of people living with MS (PLwMS) and health care providers (HCPs). The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic has given additional proof of such versatility and usefulness, highlighting how barriers can be overcome through the adoption of digital tools, where capturing digital data remotely may mean that symptom tracking can be maintained even when clinic visits are not possible.
  • 813
  • 07 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Avian Orthoavulavirus Type-1
Avian orthoavulaviruses type-1 (AOaV-1) have transitioned from animal vaccine vector to a bona fide vaccine delivery vehicle in human. Owing to induction of robust innate and adaptive immune responses in mucus membranes in both birds and mammals, AOaVs offer an attractive vaccine against respiratory pathogens. The unique features of AOaVs include over 50 years of safety profile, stable expression of foreign genes, high infectivity rates in avian and mammalian hosts, broad host spectrum, limited possibility of recombination and lack of pre-existing immunity in humans. Additionally, AOaVs vectors allow the production of economical and high quantities of vaccine antigen in chicken embryonated eggs and several GMP-grade mammalian cell lines.
  • 812
  • 18 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Amygdalin
Bioactive amygdalin, found in high concentrations in bitter almonds, has been recognized as a symbol of the cyanogenic glycoside chemical organic substance, which was initially developed as a pharmaceutical for treating cancer after being hydrolyzed to hydrogen cyanide (HCN).
  • 812
  • 25 Oct 2022
Topic Review
AI in SARS-CoV-2 outbreak
Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) have expanded their utilization in different fields of medicine. During the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak, AI and ML were also applied for the evaluation and/or implementation of public health interventions aimed to flatten the epidemiological curve. 
  • 810
  • 29 May 2021
Topic Review
History of Rheumatic Fever/ Rheumatic Heart Disease Control
Rheumatic heart disease and rheumatic fever (RHD/RF) contributed to a substantial health burden upon the entire globe in the 19th and 20th centuries. As advances in public health improved throughout regions of the world now considered to be high-income countries (HICs), it was largely eradicated in these settings. Regrettably, RHD/RF remain endemic in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). The historical context within which RHD/RF control was achieved in HICs may be of interest to researchers and policymakers active in the resurgent interest in RHD/RF seen in the prior two decades.
  • 810
  • 17 May 2022
Topic Review
Women Care with Delusional Disorder
Delusional disorder is a difficult-to-treat clinical condition with health needs that are often undertreated. Although individuals with delusional disorder may be high functioning in daily life, they suffer from serious health complaints that may be sex-specific.
  • 806
  • 27 Jan 2021
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