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Topic Review
Displacement-Based Approaches for Protein-Bound Uremic Toxins Removal
End-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients rely on renal replacement therapies to survive. Hemodialysis (HD), the most widely applied treatment, is responsible for the removal of excess fluid and uremic toxins (UTs) from blood, particularly those with low molecular weight (MW < 500 Da). The development of high-flux membranes and more efficient treatment modes, such as hemodiafiltration, have resulted in improved removal rates of UTs in the middle molecular weight range. However, the concentrations of protein-bound uremic toxins (PBUTs) remain essentially untouched. Due to the high binding affinity to large proteins, such as albumin, PBUTs form large complexes (MW > 66 kDa) which are not removed during HD and their accumulation has been strongly associated with the increased morbidity and mortality of patients with ESRD. 
  • 278
  • 22 May 2023
Topic Review
Extraintestinal Pathogenic Escherichia coli
Multiple-antibiotic-resistant (MAR) extra-intestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC) represents one of the most frequent causes of human nosocomial and community-acquired infections, whose eradication is of major concern for clinicians. ExPECs may inhabit indefinitely as commensal the gut of humans and other animals; from the intestine, they may move to colonize other tissues, where they are responsible for a number of diseases, including recurrent and uncomplicated UTIs, sepsis and neonatal meningitis. In the pre-antibiotic era, heavy metals were largely used as chemotherapeutics and/or as antimicrobials in human and animal healthcare. As with antibiotics, the global incidence of heavy metal tolerance in commensal, as well as in ExPEC, has increased following the ban in several countries of antibiotics as promoters of animal growth. Furthermore, it is believed that extensive bacterial exposure to heavy metals present in soil and water might have favored the increase in heavy-metal-tolerant microorganisms. The isolation of ExPEC strains with combined resistance to both antibiotics and heavy metals has become quite common and, remarkably, it has been shown that heavy metal resistance genes may co-select antibiotic-resistance genes. 
  • 278
  • 19 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Blood-Based Biomarkers of Autopsies
Autopsies are still needed for the determination and correction of causes of death, even in “clear-cut” cases. Moreover, post mortem sample handling and analysis are challenges that need to be addressed, as they can produce variability in the findings; for this reason, validation with biomarkers is of key importance. 
  • 278
  • 25 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Artificial Intelligence-Based Diagnosis of Renal Cell Carcinoma Subtypes
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is characterized by its diverse histopathological features, which pose possible challenges to accurate diagnosis and prognosis. The use of AI in radiology, which is also known as radiomics, has shown excellent diagnostic accuracy for detecting RCC and can even provide information regarding RCC subtyping, nuclear grade prediction, gene mutations, and gene expression-based molecular signatures.
  • 277
  • 21 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Autonomous Wheelchair Navigation
As automated driving system (ADS) technology is adopted in wheelchairs, clarity on the vehicle’s imminent path becomes essential for both users and pedestrians. For users, understanding the imminent path helps mitigate anxiety and facilitates real-time adjustments. For pedestrians, this insight aids in predicting their next move when near the wheelchair.
  • 277
  • 19 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Phenolic Compounds in Medicinal Plants
Unlike other secondary metabolites, phenolic compounds are found in almost all plant cells. They hold functional significance not at the cell level, but at the level of the whole plant. The central enzyme of phenylpropanoid metabolism (phenylalanine ammonia-lyase) is inducible: due to the induction of the expression of coding genes, its activity increases sharply under the influence of stress factors. 
  • 276
  • 12 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Importance of Micronutrients in the Older Adults
Aging precipitates significant changes in physical, cognitive, and physiological realms, profoundly impacting nutritional needs. Aging brings declines in muscle mass, immune function, bone density, nutrient absorption, metabolism, and oral health status. Micronutrients (e.g., omega-3 fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals—selenium, fluoride, zinc, iron, and manganese), are of particular importance and are fundamental in terms of human metabolism, physiology, and general and oral health.
  • 275
  • 04 Dec 2023
Topic Review
GP's Perspectives on Weight Loss Dietary Advice
General practitioners (GPs) play a crucial role in guiding patients’ health behaviors, including advising on weight loss. GPs have access to a variety of lifestyle, medical, and surgical approaches to weight loss to assist their patients. 
  • 275
  • 31 Jul 2023
Topic Review
The One Health, Food Systems, and Resilience
The COVID-19 pandemic, adverse effects of climate change, the ongoing war in Ukraine, and other threats have been calling on all relevant stakeholders from varied disciplines to collaborate via the One Health approach, addressing the health of people, animals, plants, and their shared environment. 
  • 274
  • 15 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Healthcare Workers’ Moral Distress during the COVID-19 Pandemic
During the COVID-19 pandemic, healthcare workers (HCWs) did not have the opportunity to provide high-quality and standard healthcare services. Research conducted during the pandemic has revealed widespread mental health problems among HCWs. Moral distress was noted as one of the critical issues that limited the performance of HCWs in providing quality care.
  • 273
  • 14 Jul 2023
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