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Topic Review
Risk of Hepatitis B Virus in  Africa Region
Chronic hepatitis B caused by persistent infection with the hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a major public health threat in endemic regions like the World Health Organization (WHO) Africa region. Chronic infection with HBV poses a 15–25% lifetime risk of acquiring liver cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma. This is inversely proportionate to the age of acquisition and in the absence of interventions, ~90% of babies born to mothers testing positive for the hepatitis B surface (HBsAg) or e (HBeAg) antigens will develop chronic infection, raising significant global public health concern. 
  • 313
  • 01 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Mitigation of Cadmium Toxicity
Cadmium (Cd) is an environmental toxicant of public health significance worldwide. Diet is the main Cd exposure source in the non-occupationally exposed and non-smoking populations. Metal transporters for iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), calcium (Ca), and manganese (Mn) are involved in the assimilation and distribution of Cd to cells throughout the body. Due to an extremely slow elimination rate, most Cd is retained by cells, where it exerts toxicity through its interaction with sulfur-containing ligands, notably the thiol (-SH) functional group of cysteine, glutathione, and many Zn-dependent enzymes and transcription factors. The simultaneous induction of heme oxygenase-1 and the metal-binding protein metallothionein by Cd adversely affected the cellular redox state and caused the dysregulation of Fe, Zn, and copper. Experimental data indicate that Cd causes mitochondrial dysfunction via disrupting the metal homeostasis of this organelle. 
  • 312
  • 23 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Smoking a Dangerous Addiction
Despite growing knowledge of the adverse effects of cigarette smoking on general health, smoking is one of the most widely prevalent addictions around the world. Globally, about 1.1 billion smokers and over 8 million people die each year because of cigarette smoking. Smoking acts as a source for a variety of oral and systemic diseases. Various periodontal issues such as increased pocket depth, loss of alveolar bone, tooth mobility, oral lesions, ulcerations, halitosis, and stained teeth are more common among smokers. This systematic review was conducted according to the guidelines from PRISMA, and research articles were retrieved from the Web database sources on 31 May 2021. The quality of research articles was ensured by the type of evidence from combined schema incorporating as schema-13 evidence type description, Cochrane health promotion and public health field (CHPPHF), and the health gains notation framework-14 screening question for quality assessment of qualitative and quantitative studies. Smokers have been found to have bleeding on probing, periodontal pockets, and clinical attachment loss compared to nonsmokers. Oral and respiratory cancers are among the most lethal known diseases caused by cigarette smoking and other commonly occurring sequelae such as stained teeth, periodontal diseases, etc. 
  • 312
  • 29 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Whole Genome Sequence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Tuberculosis (TB) remains one of the most significant global health problems, posing a significant challenge to public health systems worldwide. However, diagnosing drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) has become increasingly challenging due to the rising number of multidrug-resistant (MDR-TB) cases, despite the development of new TB diagnostic tools. Even the World Health Organization-recommended methods such as Xpert MTB/XDR or Truenat are unable to detect all the Mycobacterium tuberculosis genome mutations associated with drug resistance. While Whole Genome Sequencing offers a more precise DR profile, the lack of user-friendly bioinformatics analysis applications hinders its widespread use.
  • 311
  • 04 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Tinnitus-Related Distress Classification Using Auditory Evoked Potential Signals
Tinnitus is a highly prevalent condition, affecting more than 1 in 7 adults in the EU and causing negative effects on sufferers’ quality of life. The objective identification and detection of bothersome tinnitus is a critical step in the proper management and administration of appropriate interventions or the combination of interventions for the patients. A detailed audiological evaluation, including auditory brainstem responses and auditory middle latency responses analysis, could constitute an objective method for reflecting the functions of the cochlear or auditory nerve to auditory cortex. 
  • 310
  • 03 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor-Induced Hypophysitis
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are a new type of antitumor drug which can achieve antitumor goals by blocking the binding of immune checkpoints to their ligands, thereby enhancing the activity of T cells. Meanwhile, ICIs block the binding of immune checkpoints to their ligands, disrupting the immune tolerance of T cells to self-antigens, which may lead to a series of immune-related adverse events (irAEs). Immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced hypophysitis (IH) is a relatively rare irAE. Due to the lack of specificity in clinical manifestations, it is difficult to accurately diagnose IH in a timely manner in clinical practice. However, the risk of adverse events, especially IH, for patients receiving ICIs has not been adequately investigated. Missed or delayed diagnosis may lead to poor prognosis or even adverse clinical outcomes.
  • 309
  • 05 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Potential Mechanisms of Action of Diacutaneous Fibrolysis
Diacutaneous Fibrolysis (DF) is an instrumentally assisted manual therapy technique defined as “a specific instrumental intervention for normalizing the musculoskeletal system function after a precise diagnosis and preserving the skin’s integrity”. The aim of this technique is soft tissue mobilization with the assistance of specially designed, hook-shaped steel instruments in different musculoskeletal structures, such as the myofascia, aponeurosis, tendons, ligaments and scar tissues. 
  • 309
  • 30 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Population Immunity
Herd immunity is a population condition where the pathogen dispersion between the community members is difficult or impossible because when an infected individual appears, the individuals surrounding her/him are immune against the pathogen, so they do not get infected and do not transmit the pathogen to other susceptible individuals. 
  • 309
  • 20 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Relationships between Depression and Social Media Addiction
Depression is positively correlated with fear of missing out, online fear of missing out, and social media addiction, while being significantly negatively correlated with self-esteem; that depression, self-esteem, fear of missing out, and online fear of missing out explain social media addiction scores; that self-esteem mediates the relationship between depression and social media addiction; and that, among Italians between the ages of 18 and 35, younger women report higher scores on fear of missing out, online fear of missing out, and social media addiction.
  • 309
  • 15 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Hypoxia in Cardiovascular Diseases
Heart valve diseases are a major contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality worldwide. They affect more than 13% of the population aged over 75 years old and occur when any type of the four heart valves (tricuspid, pulmonic, mitral, and aortic valves) is damaged. Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) is defined as a slowly progressing condition that ranges from mild valve aortic sclerosis to severe calcifying aortic valve stenosis. This progression manifests in approximately 2% of individuals over 65 years old annually.
  • 309
  • 20 Jul 2023
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