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Topic Review
Mucociliary Clearance and SARS-CoV-2 Infection
Ciliary beat frequency (CBF) within the ciliated epithelium of the nasal tract can be stimulated to a higher frequency and provide increased protection against transient exposure to airway irritants. Smokers as well as non-smokers exposed to secondhand tobacco smoke were found to have higher CBFs. However, with extended exposure to irritants, persistent upregulated CBF can damage and remodel the epithelial layer with fewer protective cilia. Additionally, mucociliary clearance (MCC), the innate defense mechanism of the respiratory system, traps particles and pathogens within the mucous layer of the epithelium and propels them out of the airways through ciliary activity. However, this mechanism becomes defective as disease progresses, increasing susceptibility to viral respiratory infections. 
  • 326
  • 14 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Epigenetic Aberrations in Extranodal NK/T-Cell Lymphoma
Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma (ENKTL) is a rare extranodal non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) that primarily occurs in the upper aerodigestive tract and has an aggressive presentation, with locoregional invasion in the nasopharynx causing necrosis, hemorrhage, and impingement on anatomic structures including the orbits.
  • 326
  • 02 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Ocular Surface Infection Mediated Molecular Stress Responses
Infection mediated ocular surface stress responses are activated as early defense mechanisms in response to host cell damage. Integrated stress responses initiate the host response to different types of infections and modulate the transcription of key genes and translation of proteins. The crosstalk between host and pathogen results in profound alterations in cellular and molecular homeostasis triggering specific stress responses in the infected tissues. The amplitude and variations of such responses are partly responsible for the disease severity and clinical sequelae. Understanding the etiology and pathogenesis of ocular infections is important for early diagnosis and effective treatment.
  • 326
  • 01 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Unsilencing the Echoes of Historical Trauma
Indigenous communities in North America have distinct colonial histories with their own story of how their ancestors were able to survive the mass effort to take their land, resources, language, culture, and sometimes even their lives. These stories have been passed down orally and through the DNA of the descendants of survivors via epigenetics. The Historical Loss Scale (HLS) and Historical Loss Associated Symptoms Scale (HLASS) are two validated scales that measure historical trauma among Native Americans.
  • 325
  • 05 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Syndromic Surveillance Systems for Mass Gatherings
As defined by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), public health surveillance is the “ongoing systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of outcome-specific data for use in the planning, implementation, and evaluation of public health practice,” which has been instrumental in the reduction in mortality from exposure to infectious diseases and environmental toxins. The arm of public health surveillance that deals specifically with the early detection of disease outbreaks or clusters of adverse health emergencies is referred to as syndromic surveillance and can be defined as “an investigational approach where health department staff, assisted by automated data acquisition and generation of statistical alerts, monitor disease indicators in real-time or near-real-time to detect outbreaks of disease earlier than would otherwise be possible with traditional public health methods”.
  • 325
  • 22 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Lifestyle and Insulin Resistance
Insulin resistance is a metabolic disorder and it is defined as the inability of a known quantity of insulin (exogenous or endogenous) to increase glucose uptake and utilization in an individual as much as it does in the healthy population.
  • 325
  • 16 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Impact of COVID-19 on Mental Health in Adolescents
Globally, adolescents of varying backgrounds experience higher rates of anxiety, depression, and stress due to the pandemic. Secondly, adolescents also have a higher frequency of using alcohol and cannabis during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, social support, positive coping skills, home quarantining, and parent–child discussions seem to positively impact adolescent mental health during this period of crisis. Whether in the United States or abroad, the COVID-19 pandemic has impacted adolescent mental health. Therefore, it is important to seek and to use all of the available resources and therapies to help adolescents mediate the adjustments caused by the pandemic.
  • 325
  • 13 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Development of Intrapersonal Intelligence
Intrapersonal and interpersonal intelligence are two of the eight multiple intelligences that Gardner describes. The first of them refers to an individual’s ability to understand themselves, their emotions, motivations, strengths, weaknesses, and thoughts. This intelligence also includes the ability to think about oneself and recognize how actions and decisions affect others.
  • 325
  • 24 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Biomarkers Guide Early Detection of Acute Kidney Injury
The definition of acute kidney injury (AKI), despite improvements in criteria, continues to be based on the level of serum creatinine and urinary output that do not specifically indicate tubular function or injury, or glomerular function or injury that is not significant enough to warrant acute hospitalization of the patient. Finding novel biomarkers of AKI has become a major focus nowadays in nephrology to overcome the further complications of end stage renal disease (ESRD). Many compounds, such as KIM 1, IL 18, NGAL, uromodulin, calprotectin, vanin 1, galactin 3, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), urinary Na+/H+ exchanger isoform 3 (NHE3), retinol binding protein (RBP) and Cystatin C, are released from the renal tubules and thus any alterations in tubular function can be detected by measuring these parameters in urine. Additionally, glomerular injury can be detected by measuring immunoglobulin G, nephrin, podocalyxin, podocin, transferrin, netrin-1, pyruvate kinase M2, etc. in urine. These novel biomarkers will be useful for timing the initial insult and assessing the duration of AKI. 
  • 325
  • 11 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Methods in Health and Disease
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is the modality of choice for a vast range of pathologies but also a sensitive probe into human physiology and tissue function. For this reason, several methodologies have been developed and continuously evolve in order to non-invasively monitor underlying phenomena in human adipose tissue that were difficult to assess in the past through visual inspection of standard imaging modalities.
  • 325
  • 21 Dec 2023
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