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Topic Review
Comparison of Different Food Classification Systems
The technological developments and the rise in highly processed food availability have introduced the concept of ultra-processed food (UPF). Food classification systems based on processing are now a new basis for epidemiological research. Different results from these classifications might influence conclusions on the population’s consumption of UPF or its association with health outcomes.
  • 1.5K
  • 25 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Long-Term Effects of Human Papillomavirus Vaccination
The preventive effect of Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines against anogenital and oropharyngeal cancers has been proven in both clinical trials and real-world data. The longest period of preventive effect for the bivalent, 4-valent, and 9-valent vaccine were 11 years in the Costa Rica trial, 14 years in the FUTURE II, and 8 years in the LTFU extension study of V503-002 and the Scandinavian study, respectively. The sustained clinical effect during the observation period was longest for the 4-valent vaccine. In real-world data, the longest observation period of the vaccine effectiveness was 12 years in an Australian study for the 4-valent vaccine. For the bivalent vaccine, additional long-term follow-up studies may not have been planned due to the launch of the 4-valent and 9-valent vaccines. In some studies of the 9-valent vaccine, the results have not yet been published because of the short observation period. The additional results are expected in the future. In a national immunization program, most girls and boys are inoculated with HPV vaccine by the time puberty begins; thus, it is important to monitor the vaccine effect at least until the sexually active period in their 20s and 30s.
  • 539
  • 25 Feb 2022
Topic Review
COVID-19 and Adolescents’ Sexual/Reproductive Health in Low-/Middle-Income Countries
There are various aspects of adolescents’ sexual and reproductive health that were highly impacted due to the COVID-19 pandemic. These include limited access to sexual and reproductive health services, including access to contraceptives, menstrual products, and medications for HIV treatment; increased rates of early marriage due to school closures and a lack of support from school management; a rise in intimate partner and sexual violence; disruptions in maternity care; and increased involvement of adolescents in risky or exploitative work.
  • 491
  • 25 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Cryptococcus neoformans
Cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans is the second most prevalent agent of cryptococcosis in central Europe. Infections mostly present with localized skin and disseminated infections. Clinical isolates of C. neoformans var. neoformans present a substantial phenotypic variability. Median survival of G. mellonella varied between 6 and 14 days. C. neoformans var. neoformans isolates from disseminated infections showed stronger melanization and larger capsules.
  • 488
  • 25 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Palatal Rugae Pattern after Orthodontic Treatment
Palatal rugae are the irregular connective tissue also known as “plicae palatinae. These are anatomical folds located posterior to the incisive papilla in the palatal anterior third. These folds, which form as early as 3 months in utero, are largely attributed to the hardened connective tissue that covers the bone. Their orientation and pattern are formed in the fourth month of intrauterine life. Their uniqueness lies in the fact that they are stable and show post-mortem resistance until oral mucosal degeneration after death . Their anatomical location on the internal aspect of the oral cavity protects them from different environmental factors including rising temperature, palatal infections, trauma, and tooth exfoliation and eruption. They are considered suitable landmarks for forensic identification.
  • 465
  • 25 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Consanguinity and Congenital Heart Disease Susceptibility
Congenital heart disease (CHD) encompasses a wide range of structural defects of the heart and, in many cases, the factors that predispose an individual to disease are not well understood, highlighting the remarkable complexity of CHD etiology. Evidence of familial aggregation of CHD has been demonstrated in different communities and for different cardiac lesions. Consanguinity, particularly among first cousins, is an added risk factor for these families, particularly in societies where it is considered a common cultural practice, as confirmed in previous studies conducted in Saudi Arabia and other countries.
  • 555
  • 24 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Upper Airway Changes in Diverse Orthodontic Looms
Upper airway assessment is particularly important in the daily work of orthodontists, because of its close connection with the development of craniofacial structures and with other pathologies such as Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome (OSAS). Rapid maxillary expansion and surgical advancement for the correction of Class II patients are associated with significant improvement in the upper airway, whereas maxillary protraction, extraction therapy, orthognathic surgery for Class III, and the use of a functional appliance have no significant impact.
  • 349
  • 24 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Application of Sol–Gels for Treatment of Gynaecological Conditions
Approaches for effective and sustained drug delivery to the female reproductive tract (FRT) for treating a range of gynaecological conditions remain limited. The development of versatile delivery platforms, such as soluble gels (sol–gels) coupled with applicators/devices, holds considerable therapeutic potential for gynaecological conditions. Sol–gel systems, which undergo solution-to-gel transition, triggered by physiological conditions such as changes in temperature, pH, or ion composition, offer advantages of both solution- and gel-based drug formulations. Furthermore, they have potential to be used as a suitable drug delivery vehicle for other novel drug formulations, including micro- and nano-particulate systems, enabling the delivery of drug molecules of diverse physicochemical character. Hence, such systems are are of profound significance in delivering the drugs to various parts of FRT for optimal treatment of various gynecological conditions which was not achievable using conventional drug delivery technologies.
  • 979
  • 24 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Lung Nodule Segmentation
The accurate segmentation of lung nodules is challenging due to their small size, especially at the edge of the lung and near the blood vessels. Lung nodule segmentation is relatively broad and varies in terms of architecture, image pre-processing, and training strategy.
  • 585
  • 24 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Ionizing Radiation
The development of protective agents against harmful radiations has been a subject of investigation for decades. However, effective (ideal) radioprotectors and radiomitigators remain an unsolved problem. Because ionizing radiation-induced cellular damage is primarily attributed to free radicals, radical scavengers are promising as potential radioprotectors. Early development of such agents focused on thiol synthetic compounds, e.g., amifostine (2-(3-aminopropylamino) ethylsulfanylphosphonic acid), approved as a radioprotector by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA, USA) but for limited clinical indications and not for nonclinical uses. To date, no new chemical entity has been approved by the FDA as a radiation countermeasure for acute radiation syndrome (ARS). All FDA-approved radiation countermeasures (filgrastim, a recombinant DNA form of the naturally occurring granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, G-CSF; pegfilgrastim, a PEGylated form of the recombinant human G-CSF; sargramostim, a recombinant granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor, GM-CSF) are classified as radiomitigators. No radioprotector that can be administered prior to exposure has been approved for ARS. This differentiates radioprotectors (reduce direct damage caused by radiation) and radiomitigators (minimize toxicity even after radiation has been delivered). Molecules under development with the aim of reaching clinical practice and other nonclinical applications are discussed. Assays to evaluate the biological effects of ionizing radiations are also analyzed. Ionizing radiation is the energy released by atoms in the form of electromagnetic waves (e.g., X or gamma rays) or particle radiation (alpha, beta, electrons, protons, neutrons, mesons, prions, and heavy ions) with sufficient energy to ionize atoms or molecules.
  • 2.0K
  • 23 Feb 2022
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