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All Topic Review Biography
Topic Review
Emergency First Responders and Professional Wellbeing
Emergency first responders (EFRs) such as police officers, firefighters, paramedics and logistics personnel often suffer high turnover due to work-related stress, high workloads, fatigue, and declining professional wellbeing. Considering their professional roles, EFRs are often exposed to critical situations which pose a danger to their physical and mental health. As attempts to counter this through resilience programmes tend to have limited success, there is a need for further research into how organisational policies could change to improve EFRs’ professional wellbeing. 
  • 582
  • 29 Nov 2022
Topic Review
NcRNAs in Human Diseases
The mammalian genome comprehends a small minority of genes that encode for proteins (barely 2% of the total genome in humans) and an immense majority of genes that are transcribed into RNA but not encoded for proteins (ncRNAs). These non-coding genes are intimately related to the expression regulation of protein-coding genes. The ncRNAs subtypes differ in their size, so there are long non-coding genes (lncRNAs) and other smaller ones, like microRNAs (miRNAs) and piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs). Due to their important role in the maintenance of cellular functioning, any deregulation of the expression profiles of these ncRNAs can dissemble in the development of different types of diseases, such as cancer, neurodegenerative, or cardiovascular disorders.
  • 582
  • 16 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Lung Nodule Segmentation
The accurate segmentation of lung nodules is challenging due to their small size, especially at the edge of the lung and near the blood vessels. Lung nodule segmentation is relatively broad and varies in terms of architecture, image pre-processing, and training strategy.
  • 581
  • 24 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Exposure to PM-bound PAHs
Particulate matter (PM) is a major factor contributing to air quality deterioration that enters the atmosphere as a consequence of various natural and anthropogenic activities. In PM, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) represent a class of organic chemicals with at least two aromatic rings that are mainly directly emitted via the incomplete combustion of various organic materials. Numerous toxicological and epidemiological studies have proven adverse links between exposure to particulate matter-bound (PM-bound) PAHs and human health due to their carcinogenicity and mutagenicity. Among human exposure routes, inhalation is the main pathway regarding PM-bound PAHs in the atmosphere. Moreover, the concentrations of PM-bound PAHs differ among people, microenvironment, and areas. Hence, understanding the behaviour of PM-bound PAHs in the atmosphere is crucial.
  • 577
  • 23 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Fruits Vinegar
Fruits vinegar (FsV) is a healthy drink wealthy in bioactive compounds that provide several beneficial properties. It contains a cocktail of bioactive ingredients including polyphenolic acids, organic acids, tetramethylperazine, and melanoidins. Acetic acid is the most abundant organic acid and chlorogenic acid is the major phenol in apple vinegar. The administration of fruits vinegar could prevent diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, oxidative stress, cancer, and boost immunity as well as provide a remarkable antioxidant ability. 
  • 580
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Trans-Spinal Electrical Stimulation Therapy for Rehabilitation after SCI
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is one of the most debilitating injuries in the world. Complications after SCI, such as respiratory issues, bowel/bladder incontinency, pressure ulcers, autonomic dysreflexia, spasticity, pain, etc., lead to immense suffering, a remarkable reduction in life expectancy, and even premature death. Traditional rehabilitations for people with SCI are often insignificant or ineffective due to the severity and complexity of the injury. Two most promising noninvasive spinal cord electrical stimulation methods of SCI rehabilitation treatment, namely, trans-spinal direct current stimulation (tsDCS) and trans-spinal pulsed current stimulation (tsPCS).
  • 579
  • 23 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Anemia in Pregnant Women and Children
 Globally, anemia is still a public health issue faced by people in low and high-income countries. Anemia is a condition in which a person’s hemoglobin level is less than normal (below 11 g/dL for pregnant women and children aged 6–59 months). This study gives an overview of published scientific articles related to the prevalence, nutritional indicators, and social determinants of anemia in pregnant women and children aged 6 to 59 months living in Mozambique and Portugal. 
  • 579
  • 20 Apr 2022
Topic Review
An Easier Time Gaining Than Losing Weight
Three powerful innate physiological defenses interfere with the maintenance of weight loss, whether it is achieved from the obese or healthy weight level. The first one, called adaptive thermogenesis, consists of persistent reduction in resting metabolic rate (RMR), the second one is increased hunger, and the third one is enhanced efficiency of energy storage. Adaptive thermogenesis was studied in individuals who lost substantial amounts of body weight and body fat in attempts to win “The biggest loser” televised competition.
  • 578
  • 11 Nov 2021
Topic Review
West Nile Virus
West Nile fever (WNF) is an arthropod-borne viral disease that is transmitted from birds to humans and animals by mosquitoes. Humans may develop a severe disease, which sometimes can be fatal. At the end of the 20th century, the first outbreak of WNF among humans in an urban environment in Eastern Europa and the United States was reported. The epidemics were characterized by the neurological form of the disease with fatal outcomes. WNF spread is driven by location and time, which means nearby locations and periods have similar patterns. Recognition of patterns of spread of disease is crucial for mitigation of disease and prevention. Regression analysis of the predictors of the infection and spatiotemporal analysis enables the detection of risk factors and measurement of their association with West Nile virus infection in humans and animals.
  • 578
  • 25 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Syphilis and COVID-19
The syphilis and COVID-19 pandemics have marked a turning point in the history of mankind. The aim of this review is to analyze what two pandemics caused by different diseases have in common.
  • 578
  • 25 Apr 2023
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