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Topic Review
Skeletal Fluorosis
Fluorine is widely dispersed in nature and has multiple physiological functions. Although it is usually regarded as an essential trace element for humans, this view is not held universally. Moreover, chronic fluorosis, mainly characterized by skeletal fluorosis, can be induced by long-term excessive fluoride consumption. High concentrations of fluoride in the environment and drinking water are major causes, and patients with skeletal fluorosis mainly present with symptoms of osteosclerosis, osteochondrosis, osteoporosis, and degenerative changes in joint cartilage. Etiologies for skeletal fluorosis have been established, but the specific pathogenesis is inconclusive. Currently, active osteogenesis and accelerated bone turnover are considered critical processes in the progression of skeletal fluorosis. In recent years, researchers have conducted extensive studies in fields of signaling pathways (Wnt/β-catenin, Notch, PI3K/Akt/mTOR, Hedgehog, parathyroid hone, and insulin signaling pathways), stress pathways (oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress pathways), epigenetics (DNA methylation and non-coding RNAs), and their inter-regulation involved in the pathogenesis of skeletal fluorosis.
  • 682
  • 11 Nov 2021
Topic Review
The Effect of International Traffic on Malaria Cases
The stagnation of international traffic due to countermeasures against COVID-19 potentially reduced malaria cases by 58% in 2020 in Japan. International traffic was stagnated due to the COVID-19 pandemic, but international travel is slowly picking up from very low levels. We need to promote the preparation for the rebound of imported malaria cases in response to the normalization of international traffic.
  • 680
  • 17 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Genetically Modified Food
The concept of “genetically modified organisms” (GMOs) refers to those organisms whose genome has been altered by inserting a gene from another organism, removing a gene, or changing a gene’s function to generate a desirable trait.
  • 680
  • 25 Mar 2022
Topic Review
VR Serious Games and Negative Schizophrenia Symptoms
Schizophrenia is a chronic brain disorder that affects 1 in every 300 people worldwide. VR is an interesting tool that has started to be used in remediation therapies. Although it is typically used as an exposure technique for specific phobias, VR has been applied, with encouraging results, to the study and treatment of schizophrenia. It can offer the potential for a significant therapeutic benefit, since patients are more willing to enter challenging situations and experiment with alternative ways of responding.
  • 680
  • 19 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Bone Health in Prostate Cancer Disease
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second-leading cause of cancer-related deaths in men. PCa cells require androgen receptor (AR) signaling for their growth and survival. Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is the preferred treatment for patients with locally advanced and metastatic PCa disease. Bone-metastasis-induced early changes in the bone that proceed the osteoblastic response in the bone matrix are monitored and detected via modern magnetic resonance and PET/CT imaging technologies.
  • 682
  • 14 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Homocysteine
Homocysteine (Hcy) is a sulfur-containing amino acid generated during methionine metabolism, accumulation of which may be caused by genetic defects or the deficit of vitamin B12 and folate.
  • 680
  • 12 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Treatment of Post-Traumatic Headache
Post-traumatic headache (PTH) is a common and debilitating consequence of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) that can occur over one year after the head impact event. Thus, better understanding of the underlying pathophysiology and risk factors could facilitate early identification and management of PTH. There are several factors that could influence the reporting of PTH prevalence, including the definition of concussion and PTH. The main risk factors for PTHs include a history of migraines or headaches, female gender, younger age, greater severity of the head injury, and co-occurring psychological symptoms, such as anxiety and depression. 
  • 684
  • 05 Jul 2023
Topic Review
COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy Worldwide
Utility of vaccine campaigns to control coronavirus 2019 disease (COVID-19) is not merely de-pendent on vaccine efficacy and safety. Vaccine acceptance among the general public and healthcare workers appears to have a decisive role in the successful control of the pandemic.
  • 680
  • 01 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Mycotoxin Exposure and Children’s Health
The first 1000 days of life are very sensitive to any event that alters health programming, and they represent a window for intervention to improve population health. Pregnant women, fetuses, and infants are particularly vulnerable to exposure to food contaminated with mycotoxins. 
  • 680
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
SCUBA Diving in Adult Congenital Heart Disease
The classification of scuba diving as a skill sport has profound implications for the evaluation of fitness-to-dive in adult patients with congenital heart disease (ACHD). The spectrum of ACHD and its associated complications range from conditions conventionally considered as incompatible with scuba diving (e.g., pulmonary hypertension, cyanosis and ventricular hypertrophy) to other conditions which may be compatible with recreational scuba diving. 
  • 679
  • 06 Feb 2023
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