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Topic Review
Post-Concussion Syndrome—Epidemiology and Diagnosis Criteria
Head injuries, mild traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) in particular, are a significant concern due to their potential to create long-term health consequences, such as post-concussion syndrome (PCS) and chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). PCS is a sequela of mild TBI, with a prevalence rate of 29–90% among patients who have suffered a head injury.
  • 313
  • 25 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Positive Affect Evoked by Music and the Arts
A positive experience in response to a piece of music or a work of art (hence ‘music/art’) has been linked to health and wellbeing outcomes but can often be reported as indescribable (ineffable), creating challenges for research. There are two simultaneously occurring classes of experience are proposed: the ‘emotion class’ of experience (ECE) and the positive ‘affect class’ of experience (PACE). ECE consists of conventional, discrete, and communicable emotions with a reasonably well-established lexicon. PACE relates to a more private world of prototypical aesthetic emotions and experiences investigated in positive psychology.
  • 422
  • 25 May 2022
Topic Review
Population Immunity
Herd immunity is a population condition where the pathogen dispersion between the community members is difficult or impossible because when an infected individual appears, the individuals surrounding her/him are immune against the pathogen, so they do not get infected and do not transmit the pathogen to other susceptible individuals. 
  • 276
  • 20 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Popular Uses and Botanical Description of Kalanchoe
The Crassulaceae J. St.-Hil. family is composed of 36 genera. Species of this family are distributed in Africa and Asia, predominantly in Madagascar and Arabia but are also found in the Americas and in Australia. The genus Kalanchoe Adans (Heterotypic Synonyms: Baumgartenia Tratt., Bryophyllum Salisb., Crassuvia Comm. ex Lam., Geaya Costantin and Poiss., Kitchingia Baker, Meristostylus Klotzsch, Physocalycium Vest, and Vereia Andrews) belongs to the Crassulaceae family and comprises 179 accepted species. 
  • 555
  • 03 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have more than one double bond between carbon atoms. Omega(ω) indicates the location of the first carbon double bond, counting from the" end "of the molecule (from the methyl group). Therefore, ω-3 fatty acids have a first double bond on the third last carbon. Those from the ω -6 family at the sixth carbon from the bottom. A of the ω -9 family at the ninth carbon atom from the terminal methyl group to the first C = C bond. The designations n – 3, n – 6, n – 9 are also used. The human body is unable to introduce the double bond further than at the ninth carbon.PUFAs can be synthesized in mammals and supplied with the diet, with the exception of α-linolenic (ALA) and linoleic (LA) acids, which must be systematically supplied with food. Therefore, they are referred to as Essential Unsaturated Fatty Acids or Exogenous Unsaturated Fatty Acids. LA and ALA acids are transformed into a family of unsaturated ω-3 and ω-6 acids as a result of elongation and desaturation processes. The following acids are obtained from ALA: stearidine (18: 4, ω – 3), eicosatetraenoic (20: 4, ω – 3), eicosapentaenoic (20: 5, ω – 3) and docosahexaenoic (22: 6, ω – 3). On the other hand, the family of ω-6 acids (LA) is formed, starting from gamma-linolenic acid (18: 3, ω-6), through dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (18: 3, ω-6), arachidonic acid (20: 4 ω – 6) and docosatetraenoic (22: 4 ω – 6), to docosapentaenoic acid (22: 5, ω – 6).In everyday diets, it is advisable to include sources of polyunsaturated fatty acids, which include vegetable oils (linseed oil, avocado, olive and rapeseed oil), fatty sea fish (herring, salmon, mackerel, halibut) and nuts. In the case of oils, attention should be paid whether they have too much ω-6 in relation to ω-3, because then the harmful pro-aggregating and pro-inflammatory effect may outweigh the anti-aggregation and anti-inflammatory effect. 
  • 1.9K
  • 15 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Polysaccharide-Based Active Coatings
Polysaccharide-based active coatings supplemented with plant extracts such as cashew leaves, pomegranate peel, red roselle, apple fiber, and green tea extracts rich in phenolic compounds and their derivatives have been reported to be excellent substituents to replace chemically formulated wax coatings.
  • 664
  • 19 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) Ban
The proposal by the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) to ban over 12,000 per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) has sparked a debate about potential consequences for the economy, industry, and the environment. Although some PFAS are known to be harmful, a blanket ban may lead to significant problems in attempting to replace PFAS-based materials for environmental transition, as well as in medical devices and everyday products.
  • 168
  • 10 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Polyethylene Terephthalate Recycling Techniques
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is a widely used thermoplastic with excellent properties, making it a popular choice for various packaging and single-use plastic products. Its exceptional tensile strength, processability, transparency, thermal stability, barrier properties, toughness-to-weight ratio, and chemical resistance have contributed to its widespread use. However, the significant consumption of PET has led to a substantial amount of PET waste, especially in the form of single-use packaging. This has raised concerns about the environmental impact of plastic waste, such as marine pollution and landfill accumulation.
  • 501
  • 14 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Pollution, Inflammation, and Vaccines
Different environmental pollutants can have different effects on the immune system, which can then promote complex pathologies, such as autoimmune disorders and cancer. The interaction with the microbiota also further helps to determine the consequences of contamination on wellbeing. The pollution can affect vaccination efficacy, given the widespread effects of vaccination on immunity. At the same time, some vaccinations also can exert protective effects against some forms of pollution. 
  • 667
  • 28 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Pollutants Generated in Piggeries
Reducing the sources of stress on farms allows for enhanced animal welfare and productivity. Aerial contaminants and pollutants that can be found in indoor animal houses are among these stressors. In Italy, the guidelines to assess animal welfare in pig farming are displayed in a protocol named “ClassyFarm”, based on European legislation. Specific indications are given on the microclimatic conditions of livestock indoor environments (temperature, relative humidity, dustiness) and air quality, especially regarding harmful gases such as ammonia (NH3) and carbon dioxide (CO2). Nevertheless, the recommended measurement techniques for dust and harmful gases are not satisfactory.
  • 355
  • 25 Jul 2023
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