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Topic Review
Pathophysiology of Fibromyalgia
Fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) is one of the most prevalent disorders that affects the muscles and is characterized by pain, stiffness, and soreness in the muscles, tendons, and joints. Fibromyalgia is in a family of disorders termed the affective spectrum disorders (ASD). ASDs frequently co-occur in both individuals and families and share physiologic abnormalities along with genetic risk factors that may be central to their etiology. The most prevalent ASDs are attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, major depressive disorder [MDD], generalized anxiety disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, bulimia nervosa, panic disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, premenstrual dysphoric disorder, social phobia, and medical disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome [IBS], migraine, and cataplexy. FMS commonly manifests in young or middle-aged females as chronic widespread pain, stiffness, fatigue, disrupted unrefreshing sleep, and cognitive difficulties. FMS often coexists with a number of other unexplained symptoms, anxiety and/or depression, and functional impairment of daily living activities. Fibromyalgia typically causes broad pain that affects both sides of the body with numerous “tender points”. Despite having incapacitating physical pain, FMS is not accompanied by tissue inflammation, tissue damage, or deformity.
  • 596
  • 26 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Update on Cyber Health Psychology
In recent years, there has been more and more talk of cyber health psychology and the implication that new technologies can have in the diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation of psychopathological issues in the field of mental health, ranging from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) to addiction to substances of abuse.
  • 596
  • 25 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Cleaning in Times of Pandemic
Cleaning services are a transversal activity that guarantees the proper functioning and conditions of safety, hygiene, and health across all economic sectors. The COVID-19 pandemic increased the need for clean, sanitary spaces, particularly in health services and other areas with a large number of people. The workers in these services were often placed on the frontline without any specific training or information. 
  • 597
  • 14 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Health-Seeking Behaviors in Mozambique
In settings where traditional medicine is a crucial part of the healthcare system, providing culturally competent healthcare services is vital to improving patient satisfaction and health outcomes. Therefore, here sought to gain insight into how cultural beliefs influence health-seeking behaviors (HSBs) among Mozambicans. Participant observation and in-depth interviews (IDIs) were undertaken using the ethnonursing method to investigate beliefs and views that Mozambicans (living in Pemba City) often take into account to meet their health needs.
  • 595
  • 14 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Parental Attachment and Peer Relationships in Adolescence
Attachment theory is a social-emotional development theory that was originally developed by John Bowlby in order to explain the bond between babies and their caretakers. The basic premise is that an individual’s security and trust toward others in later life stages are molded by their experiences with relationship patterns and the emotional availability of their caretakers, that is to say, their attachment figures. Later, Ainsworth carried out some of the first studies on the individual differences which manifest in attachment, observing how this system is activated and discovering differences based on the behaviors of the caretakers. Through a standardized laboratory procedure called “strange situation”, Ainsworth recorded systematic observations on mother–child interactions in the first year of life, as well as the reaction of the child during separation from and reunion with the mother.
  • 595
  • 27 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Nutrition/Exercise in Upper Gastrointestinal Cancers
Malnutrition and muscle wasting are associated with impaired physical functioning and quality of life in oncology patients. Patients diagnosed with upper gastrointestinal (GI) cancers are considered at high risk of malnutrition and impaired function. Due to continuous improvement in upper GI cancer survival rates, there has been an increased focus on multimodal interventions aimed at minimizing the adverse effects of cancer treatments and enhancing survivors’ quality of life. 
  • 596
  • 28 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Online Pharmacies Selling Prescription Drugs
Almost half of the online pharmacies are not properly regulated and fraudulent issues were uncovered. To address this issue, stricter regulation by World Health Organization and implementation should be carried out together with frequent monitoring of the licensure system and pharmacy verification on every online pharmacy, this would reduce the number of illegal or illegitimate online pharmacy. 
  • 594
  • 12 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Role of Blockchain Technology in COVID-19 Crisis
To obtain adequate performance in resolving issues that are associated with the COVID-19 pandemic, blockchain can be combined with other available technologies to establish a robust healthcare architecture.
  • 593
  • 29 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Retinoic Acid and Retinaldehyde Dehydrogenase
Retinoic acid (RA) is an important biological metabolite synthesized from the retinol content (known as “vitamin A”) via a sequential cellular process in the retinoid signaling pathway (RSP). RSP-mediated RA biosynthesis is a vital physiological process in chordates, since RA interacts with the nuclear receptor superfamily, namely nuclear RA receptors (RARs) and retinoid X receptors (RXRs), bound to the RA response elements (RAREs) in the promoter region of RA target genes. Retinaldehyde dehydrogenases (RALDH) belongs to the oxidoreductase family and plays a critical role in RA synthesis from the retinaldehyde content; therefore, this enzyme is considered to be one of the key regulators of RA-related retinol metabolism and embryonic development.
  • 594
  • 27 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Natural Milk Microbiota
Profound bioactivities of raw breastmilk include benefits attributed to the dense and diverse natural microbiota, termed natural microbiota hereafter. Infants benefit from breastfeeding not just nutritionally, but by both ‘seeding and feeding’ the infant gut , providing microbes that seed the naïve gastrointestinal (GI or gut) ecosystem and nutritive components that feed both infant and microbial cells.
  • 593
  • 11 Nov 2021
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