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All Topic Review Biography
Topic Review
Preventative Medicine Programs in Animal Welfare and Wellbeing
In animals undergoing veterinary treatment, including therapeutic, quarantine and preventative medicine, their physiology and behaviour are derailed from their normal states and the animal’s choices and comfort are de facto limited. Traditional paradigms of animal welfare do not apply perfectly to animals under veterinary care, including quarantine and preventative medicine. A paradigm separating animal wellbeing from animal welfare is proposed in order to instil much needed clarity of thought and to guide actions in regard to the welfare of animals under human care. 
  • 243
  • 10 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Prevalence of Depression in Retirees
Retirement is a final life stage characterized by the ceasing of work and the loss of a routine, social relations, role, status, accomplishments, and aspirations, etc. Many times it is accompanied by negative feelings and can provoke different psychoemotional reactions such as depression, among others. With almost one-third of retirees suffering from depression, it is necessary to implement prevention and early detection measures to approach a public health problem.
  • 530
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Preterm Birth and Exposure to Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals
Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are defined by the Endocrine Society as “exogenous chemicals, or mixtures of chemicals, that interfere with any aspect of hormone action.” They are often widely present in many communities and can alter various hormonal processes in the body.  Preterm birth (PTB) is a problem of international concern, as it is the leading cause of death in children younger than 5 years old, and the frequency is increasing in countries with reliable data
  • 262
  • 06 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Prescription Opioid Misuse
Prescription opioids are used for some chronic pain conditions. However, generally, long-term therapy has unwanted side effects which may trigger addiction, overdose, and eventually cause deaths. Opioid addiction and chronic pain conditions have both been associated with evidence of genetic and epigenetic alterations. Despite intense research interest, many questions about the contribution of epigenetic changes to this typology of addiction vulnerability and development remain unanswered.
  • 505
  • 06 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Preparedness Strategies for Changing Climate in Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia’s evolving climate narrative offers a microcosm of the broader challenges facing our global ecosystem. While nations around the world grapple with their unique climate challenges, the Kingdom’s experiences—including its policy shifts, infrastructural innovations, and societal adaptations—provide both a cautionary tale and a roadmap. In particular, its endeavors to retrofit cities, preserve water resources, and promote climate-conscious policies present actionable insights for nations at various junctures of their environmental journeys.
  • 255
  • 18 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Preoperative Dietary Interventions in Patients with Excess Weight/Obesity
Preoperative VLCD and LCD interventions provided for one to three weeks to patients with overweight, obesity, higher amounts of visceral fat, or liver steatosis have potential to reduce operating time and blood loss during non-bariatric elective surgeries within the abdominal cavity, such as laparoscopic cholecystectomy, liver resection, and gastrectomy. Although the benefits were likely in studies that used dietary interventions longer than three weeks in other surgery types, they were less clear due to the lack of comparator groups and common surgical endpoints.
  • 559
  • 08 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Prehabilitation in Aged Patients Undergoing Cardiothoracic Surgeries
An increasing number of advanced age patients are considered for cardiothoracic surgeries. Prehabilitation optimizes the patients’ functional capacity and physiological reserve. However, the effectiveness of prehabilitation on physical functioning and postoperative recovery in the scope of cardiothoracic surgery is still uncertain.
  • 403
  • 07 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Pregnancy Calcium-Deficiency, Offspring Insulin Resistance
Adverse nutritional conditions during pregnancy may permanently alter the structure or function of specific organs in the offspring, leading to various chronic diseases in adulthood. Maternal undernutrition, and the consequent low birth weight of offspring, predisposes the offspring to various diseases, including adult-onset insulin resistance syndrome. Calcium (Ca) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance syndrome. Cortisol, the most important glucocorticoid, is considered to lead to insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome. 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-1 is a key enzyme that catalyzes the intracellular conversion of cortisone to physiologically active cortisol. 
  • 436
  • 02 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Predictors of Major Depressive Disorder in Older People
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is one of the most common mental disorders in older people. There are several biological, psychological, and social factors associated with this disorder.
  • 474
  • 01 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Predictors of COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy
Modifiable predictors of vaccine hesitancy at the start of South Africa’s COVID-19 vaccination rollout have been identified here. These factors should be addressed by different stakeholders involved in the national immunization program through tailored communication and other effective strategies that increase vaccine literacy, reach low-income households, and engender confidence in government. 
  • 475
  • 04 Mar 2022
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