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Topic Review
Social Determinants of Health and Microbiome in Children
The evolving field of microbiome research offers an excellent opportunity for biomarker identification, understanding drug metabolization disparities, and improving personalized medicine. However, the complexities of host–microbe ecological interactions hinder clinical transferability. Among other factors, the microbiome is deeply influenced by age and social determinants of health, including environmental factors such as diet and lifestyle conditions. In this entry, the bidirectionality of social and host–microorganism interactions in health will be discussed.
  • 612
  • 20 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Potential Impact of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein
The main host target receptor for the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), which is involved in maintaining blood pressure and vascular remodeling, and is expressed on adipocytes, other cells at mucosal surfaces, and in the vasculature, heart, kidneys, pancreas and brain.
  • 612
  • 21 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Organoselenium Compounds
Organoselenium compounds have anti-oxidative effects, several natural and synthetic organoselenium compounds and metabolites act as histone deacetylase inhibitors, which influence the acetylation status of histones and non-histone proteins, altering gene transcription.
  • 612
  • 14 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Platform-Based Robot-Assisted Rehabilitation
The use of robotic-assisted rehabilitation has increased significantly. Compared with traditional care, robotic rehabilitation has several potential advantages. Platform-based robotic rehabilitation can help patients recover from musculoskeletal and neurological conditions. Evidence on how platform-based robotic technologies can positively impact on disability recovery is still lacking, and it is unclear which intervention is most effective in individual cases. The Virtual Reality (VR)-based Rutgers Ankle and the Hunova were found to be the effective robots for the rehabilitation of patients with neurological conditions (stroke, spinal cord injury, Parkinson’s disease) and various musculoskeletal ankle injuries. 
  • 612
  • 06 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Adverse Perinatal Outcomes in COVID-19 Infected Pregnant Women
Several adverse maternal, fetal, and neonatal effects were significantly higher in COVID-19 infected pregnant women than non-infected. These included maternal death, preeclampsia, cesarean section delivery, fetal distress, preterm birth, low birth weight, stillbirth, low Apgar score at the fifth minute, and admission to NICU. The comorbidity conditions had no added risk of being infected with COVID-19 infection during pregnancy. Therefore, a COVID-19 infected pregnant woman should be treated with special precautions to avoid and minimize the identified adverse events during perinatal care. 
  • 611
  • 24 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Pulse Oximetry
Finger pulse oximeters are widely used to monitor physiological responses to high-altitude exposure, the progress of acclimatization, and/or the potential development of high-altitude related diseases. 
  • 611
  • 24 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Religious Backgrounds and Legalisation of Suicide
Religion and laws, although the two have been linked for a long time and in some countries still are, also influence suicide-related views in the population.
  • 610
  • 23 Nov 2022
Topic Review
The COVID-19 and Autism-Spectrum Experience (CASE) Parent Survey
The COVID-19 outbreak represented a challenging period, especially for people suffering from pre-existing mental health related issues. Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) are among this patient population and thus particularly at risk due to their vulnerability and difficulties with adapting to changes and complex situations. The CASE parent survey was developed by a group of physicians, psychologists, and child life specialists, in order to assess the impact of the COVID-19 emergency on children and adolescents with ASD. It consists of 40 questions (20 yes/no questions, 18 multiple choice questions and 2 open-response questions), subdivided into three categories investigating Autism Spectrum Disorder's subjects socio-demographic and clinical characteristics, the impact the COVID-19 outbreak had on their physical and mental wellbeing, and the needs to deal with the ongoing emergency.
  • 608
  • 08 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Climate Change and Mental Health
Anthropogenic climate change is an existential threat whose influences continue to increase in severity. It is pivotal to understand the implications of climate change and their effects on mental health. Empirical evidence has begun to indicate that negative mental health outcomes are a relevant and notable consequence of climate change. Specifically, these negative outcomes range from increased rates of psychiatric diagnoses such as depression, anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder to higher measures of suicide, aggression and crime. Potential mechanisms are thought to include neuroinflammatory responses to stress, maladaptive serotonergic receptors and detrimental effects on one’s own physical health, as well as the community wellbeing. 
  • 608
  • 04 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Vasopressin in Cardiovascular Diseases
The automatism of cardiac pacemaker cells, which is tuned, is regulated by the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and multiple endocrine and paracrine factors, including cardiovascular peptides. The cardiovascular peptides (CPs) form a group of essential paracrine factors affecting the function of the heart and vessels. They may also be produced in other organs and penetrate to the heart via systemic circulation. Vasopressin is synthesized mostly by the neuroendocrine cells of the hypothalamus. 
  • 606
  • 23 Nov 2022
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