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All Topic Review Biography
Topic Review
Low-Grade Inflammation and Ultra-Processed Foods Consumption
Inflammation is an immunosurveillance response essential for host defense, which serves to repair damaged tissues and eliminate toxic agents. When this response becomes chronic, it results in the presence of immune system cells for an increasing period of time. This state of low-grade inflammation can lead to dysmetabolic conditions that disrupt homeostasis, favoring the development of a wide range of noncommunicable diseases such as cancer, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Particular attention has been paid to the increased consumption of ultra-processed foods (UPF) worldwide. Characterized by being hyperpalatable, affordable and ready-to-eat, UPF have led to a worsening of the diet quality due to their nutritional composition and have already been recognized as a risk factor for diet-related diseases.
  • 283
  • 29 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Senescence in Physiological Processes and Age-Related Diseases
Cellular senescence is a physiological mechanism that has both beneficial and detrimental consequences. Senescence limits tumorigenesis, lifelong tissue damage, and is involved in different biological processes, such as morphogenesis, regeneration, and wound healing. 
  • 783
  • 28 Mar 2023
Topic Review
E-Cigarette Impact on Reproductive Health
Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) are often considered a “safe substitute” for conventional cigarette cessation. The composition of the fluid is not always clearly defined and shows a large variation within brands and manufacturers. More than 80 compounds were detected in liquids and aerosols. E-cigarettes contain nicotine, and the addition of flavorings increases the toxicity of e-cigarette vapour in a significant manner. The heat generated by the e-cigarette leads to the oxidation and decomposition of its components, eventually forming harmful constituents in the inhaled vapour. The effects of these toxicants on male and female reproduction are well established in conventional cigarette smokers. 
  • 818
  • 27 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Consequences on Family Informal Caregiving during COVID-19 Pandemic
The COVID-19 pandemic has deeply affected the quality of people’s social life, strongly impacting family dynamics, too, not only in the harshest periods of the pandemic but also afterwards. Pandemic-related measures led to a ‘stay-at-home’ approach that increased the mental and physical burdens of family caregivers, irrespective of whether they were living together with the person they were caring for or not. 
  • 238
  • 24 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Glycosaminoglycans in Mucopolysaccharidosis
Mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) consists of a group of inherited lysosomal storage disorders that are caused by a defect of certain enzymes that participate in the metabolism of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). The abnormal accumulation of GAGs leads to progressive dysfunctions in various tissues and organs during childhood, contributing to premature death.
  • 427
  • 23 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Holistic Conceptual Framework for Dietary Quality Assessment
Numerous dietary quality indices exist to help quantify overall dietary intake and behaviors associated with positive health outcomes. Most indices focus solely on biomedical factors and nutrient or food intake, and exclude the influence of important social and environmental factors associated with dietary intake. Using the Diet Quality Index- International as one sample index to illustrate the proposed holistic conceptual framework, this entry seeks to elucidate potential adaptations to dietary quality assessment by considering—in parallel—biomedical, environmental, and social factors. Considering these factors would add context to dietary quality assessment, influencing post-assessment recommendations for use across various populations and circumstances. Additionally, individual and population-level evidence-based practices could be informed by contextual social and environmental factors that influence dietary quality to provide more relevant, reasonable, and beneficial nutritional recommendations.
  • 347
  • 22 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Mechanisms of Face Coverings
The filtration function provided by fabric face coverings is not necessarily based upon sieving out larger particles that attempt to pass through to the other side of the fibrous assembly, rather, it is delineated by aerodynamic, electrostatic, and molecular interactions. Therefore, textile-based face coverings use various means to offer protection against the virions riding atop respiratory droplets from reaching the respiratory tract.
  • 433
  • 22 Mar 2023
Topic Review
The Emergence of SARS-CoV-2 Variants
The emergence of new variants of Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) associated with varying infectivity, pathogenicity, diagnosis, and effectiveness against treatments challenged the overall management of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. 
  • 307
  • 21 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Exploring Olive Pomace for Skincare Applications
The olive oil industry generates a large amount of liquid and semi-solid by-products such as olive pomace. Their phytotoxicity impairs safe disposal, so valorization strategies that promote by-product reuse are needed, which may include skincare products. Hydroxytyrosol is the main phenolic compound present in olive pomace and possesses biological effects that make it a desirable active compound for cosmetic formulations such as antioxidant and anti-aging activities as well as photoprotector, depigmenting, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory actions. Other compounds present in olive pomace can also have functional properties and skin-related benefits. However, the application of this by-product can be a challenge in terms of formulation’s design, stability, and proven efficacy, so appropriate methodologies should be used to validate its incorporation and may include extraction and further encapsulation of bioactive compounds in order to achieve effective and aesthetic appealing skincare products.
  • 349
  • 17 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Human-Centric Approach in Healthcare 4.0
The cyberspace depicts an increasing number of difficulties related to security, especially in healthcare. This is evident from how vulnerable critical infrastructures are to cyberattacks and are unprotected against cybercrime. Users, ideally, should maintain a good level of cyber hygiene, via regular software updates and the development of unique passwords, as an effective way to become resilient to cyberattacks. Cyber security breaches are a top priority, and most users are aware that their behaviours may put them at risk; however, they are not educated to follow best practices, such as protecting their passwords. Mass cyber education may serve as a means to offset poor cyber security behaviours; however, mandatory education becomes a questionable point if the content is not focused on human factors, using human-centric approaches and taking into account end users’ behaviours, which is currently the case. Papers report the best practices that should be used by healthcare organisations and healthcare professionals to maintain good cyber hygiene and how these can be applied via a healthcare use case scenario to increase awareness related to data privacy and cybersecurity. This is an issue of great importance and urgency considering the rapid increase of cyberattacks in healthcare organisations, mainly due to human errors. Further to that, based on human-centric approaches, the long-term vision and future work involves facilitating the development of efficient practices and education associated with cybersecurity hygiene via a flexible, adaptable and practical framework.
  • 315
  • 17 Mar 2023
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