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Topic Review
Biomaterial Scaffolds Applied for Spinal Cord Injury
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a catastrophic condition associated with significant neurological deficit and social and financial burdens. The advancements in biomaterial technology, combined with stem cell therapy or other regenerative therapy, can now accelerate the progress of promising novel therapeutic strategies from bench to bedside. Various types of approaches to regeneration therapy for SCI have been combined with the use of supportive biomaterial scaffolds as a drug and cell delivery system to facilitate favorable cell–material interactions and the supportive effect of neuroprotection.
  • 312
  • 14 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Spaceflight Associated Neuro-Ocular Syndrome (SANS)
Spaceflight associated neuro-ocular syndrome (SANS) is a unique neuro-ophthalmic phenomenon that has been observed in astronauts who have undergone long-duration spaceflight. The syndrome is characterized by distinct imaging and clinical findings including optic disc edema, hyperopic refractive shift, posterior globe flattening, and choroidal folds. SANS serves a large barrier to planetary spaceflight such as a mission to Mars and has been noted by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) as a high risk based on its likelihood to occur and its severity to human health and mission performance. While it is a large barrier to future spaceflight, the underlying etiology of SANS is not well understood. However, several well-developed hypotheses have been proposed and countermeasures have been developed.
  • 372
  • 10 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Immunotherapy Induced Hypophysitis
Hypophysitis, a rare inflammatory disorder of the pituitary gland, has seen an uptick in reported cases in recent years. Immune checkpoint inhibitors induce hypophysitis (IIHs): IIHs is an increasingly frequent toxicity of in patients on treatment with inhibitors targeting cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) and programmed cell death-1 (PD-1).
  • 217
  • 10 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Preventative Medicine Programs in Animal Welfare and Wellbeing
In animals undergoing veterinary treatment, including therapeutic, quarantine and preventative medicine, their physiology and behaviour are derailed from their normal states and the animal’s choices and comfort are de facto limited. Traditional paradigms of animal welfare do not apply perfectly to animals under veterinary care, including quarantine and preventative medicine. A paradigm separating animal wellbeing from animal welfare is proposed in order to instil much needed clarity of thought and to guide actions in regard to the welfare of animals under human care. 
  • 267
  • 10 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Gut Microbiota in Dysbiosis
Inflammation and oxidative stress are critical underlying mechanisms associated with COVID-19 that contribute to the complications and clinical deterioration of patients. Additionally, COVID-19 has the potential to alter the composition of patients’ gut microbiota, characterized by a decreased abundance of bacteria with probiotic effects. Interestingly, certain strains of these bacteria produce metabolites that can target the S protein of other coronaviruses, thereby preventing their transmission and harmful effects. At the same time, the presence of gut dysbiosis can exacerbate inflammation and oxidative stress, creating a vicious cycle that perpetuates the disease. Furthermore, it is widely recognized that the gut microbiota can metabolize various foods and drugs, producing by-products that may have either beneficial or detrimental effects. In this regard, a decrease in short-chain fatty acid (SCFA), such as acetate, propionate, and butyrate, can influence the overall inflammatory and oxidative state, affecting the prevention, treatment, or worsening of COVID-19.
  • 219
  • 10 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Types of Breast Cancer Imaging
Cancer is an incurable disease based on unregulated cell division. Breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer in women worldwide, and early detection can lower death rates. Medical images can be used to find important information for locating and diagnosing breast cancer. The best information for identifying and diagnosing breast cancer comes from medical pictures.
  • 281
  • 09 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Digital Therapeutics (DTx) for Egocentric and Allocentric Neglect
Neglect is a clinical feature observed in cases of brain injury, particularly those affecting the right hemisphere, in which individuals have difficulty recognizing the contralesional side of space. Various therapeutic approaches have been developed for neglect. Many studies have demonstrated the effect of digital therapeutics (DTx) on neglect. Digital therapeutics (DTx) is a newly emerging concept of therapeutic approach in the healthcare system. It is a subdivision of digital health, which is defined as a healthcare system driven by any form of digital technology. The components of digital therapeutics include smartphones, personal digital assistants, virtual reality (VR), and tablet computers that converge with software algorithms. DTx can help reduce healthcare costs and improve availability to patients. However, few studies have reported the effects of DTx on egocentric and allocentric neglect. The differentiation of types of neglect and separate interventions is crucial in the rehabilitation process.
  • 363
  • 08 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Genomic Classifier and Its Role in Supporting MDD
Interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) are a group of heterogeneous diseases characterized by inflammation and/or fibrosis of the lung interstitium, leading to a wide range of clinical manifestations and outcomes. Over the years, the literature has demonstrated the increased diagnostic accuracy and confidence associated with a multidisciplinary approach (MDA) in assessing diseases involving lung parenchyma. This approach was recently emphasized by the latest guidelines from the American Thoracic Society, European Respiratory Society, Japanese Respiratory Society, and Latin American Thoracic Association for the diagnosis of ILDs.
  • 283
  • 08 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Palestinian Citizens of Israel's Compliance with COVID-19 Regulations
With the continuing surge of COVID-19 waves well into 2022, it has become increasingly clear that vaccination alone, which many expected would make the need for behavioral changes redundant, is not sufficient to restrain the spread of the virus and that the adoption of the behavioral changes recommended by public health services worldwide, in particular social distancing and mask wearing, will still be in the future an indispensable part of the strategy to restrict the contagion. 
  • 204
  • 08 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Sedentary Behavior in Aging Populations
Sedentary behavior poses a significant health risk to older adults. Sedentary behavior (SB) is known to be an essential part of the daily routine of older adults, exceeding eight hours per day. The concept is defined as any waking behavior that involves minimal energy expenditure (less than 1.5 metabolic equivalents) while sitting, leaning, or lying down. Higher levels of daily SB have been associated with significant health outcomes for adults, particularly older adults.
  • 493
  • 08 Aug 2023
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