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All Topic Review Biography
Topic Review
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Thalamus
Post-traumatic stress disorder is a common mental disorder, with high lifetime prevalence approximately 6–10% . The prevalence of PTSD in trauma-exposed people has been approximately 20%. PTSD is induced by traumatic stress including life threatening, actual or threatened severe injury, and sexual violence. In DSM-V criteria, PTSD has the following symptoms: intrusion of unwanted memory updates related to traumatic stress, avoidance for reminders, negative alterations in mood, and hyper-arousal. Conservatively, fear-conditioned learning involving the amygdala has been considered one of the causative factors.
  • 1.3K
  • 03 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Alcohol Craving
Craving is a multidimensional phenomenon involving an intense urge to consume substances. It is perceived as an individual experience of “wanting” a drug that may result in motivational and drug-seeking behavioral patterns. Alcohol craving has been extensively studied due to its clinical implications in the development and maintenance of alcohol use disorder (AUD). Craving is considered one of the mechanisms that promote relapse after treatment discharge and even after a prolonged period of abstinence. To better understand the magnitude of the relationship between craving and relapse, it is fundamental to explore factors associated with alcohol craving as it may help in the development of more efficient treatment approaches to prevent relapse in AUD patients.
  • 1.1K
  • 28 Sep 2020
Topic Review
Mindfulness-Based Interventions for Schizophrenia
Mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) consist of short and structured intervention protocols focused on teaching patients the use of mindfulness for therapeutic purposes. Over the last three decades, there has been a remarkable expansion of this kind of interventions for the treatment of various psychopathological conditions. Despite this, MBIs have only recently begun to be applied in the treatment of people with schizophrenia. Analysis of the available evidence on MBIs for the treatment of people with this disorder suggests that they are effective and safe treatments, although more research is needed to draw more robust conclusions.  
  • 1.1K
  • 13 Jul 2020
Topic Review
Fruit and Vegetable Intake and Mental Health in Adults
High total intake of fruits and vegetables, and some of their specific subgroups including berries, citrus, and green leafy vegetables, may promote higher levels of optimism and self-efficacy, as well as reduce the level of psychological distress, ambiguity, and cancer fatalism, and protect against depressive symptoms. The general recommendation to consume at least 5 portions of fruit and vegetables a day may be beneficial also for mental health.
  • 994
  • 30 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Concurrent Disorder
Concurrent disorder refers to a diverse set of combinations of substance use disorders and mental disorders simultaneously in need of treatment. Concurrent disorders are underdiagnosed, undertreated, and more complex to manage, practicing the best recommendations can support better outcomes. The purpose of this work is to systematically assess the quality of the current concurrent disorders’ clinical recommendation management guidelines. Literature searches were performed by two independent authors in electronic databases, web, and gray literature. The inclusion criteria were English language clinical management guidelines for adult concurrent disorders between 2000 and 2020. The initial search resulted in 8841 hits. A total of 24 guidelines were identified and assessed with the standardized guidelines assessment tool: AGREE II (Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation). Most guidelines had acceptable standards, however, only the NICE guidelines had all detailed information on all AGREE II Domains. Guidelines generally supported combinations of treatments for individual disorders with a very small evidence base for concurrent disorders, and they provided little recommendation for further structuring of the field, such as level of complexity or staging, or evaluating dierent models of treatment integration.
  • 991
  • 01 Sep 2020
Topic Review
Delirium
Delirium is a set of neuropsychiatric symptoms, including qualitative disturbances of consciousness and attention, which may be accompanied by cognitive deficits and psychotic symptoms. The incidence of delirium varies from several percent in patients hospitalized in general wards up to 80% in patients with multi-organ failure treated in intensive care units. Delirium worsens the prognosis, extends hospitalization time, and may increase mortality.
  • 985
  • 27 Aug 2020
Topic Review
FNIRS application in Parkinson’s Disease
The management of people affected by neurological disorders, such as Parkinson's disease, requires the adoption of targeted and cost-effective interventions to cope with chronicity. Although therapy adaptation and rehabilitation represent major targets, affordable and reliable neurophysiological correlates of cerebral activity to be used throughout treatment stages are often lacking. The functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) represents a versatile optical neuroimaging technology for investigating cortical hemodynamic activity in the most common chronic neurological conditions, including Parkinson's disease, with the advantages of non-invasiveness and portability which make fNIRS suitable for carrying out multiple measurements in rehabilitation settings.
  • 984
  • 21 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Cognitive Interventions
With older adults, cognitive intervention programs are most often used for preventing or reversing a decline in cognitive functions. Under the heading of cognitive intervention, a multitude of diverse programs are found. In order to classify this field, we will distinguish between: (1) cognitive training programs (programs that train basic cognitive strategies), (2) cognitive rehabilitation (mono or multidimensional programs on specific skills like memory, attention, arithmetic, etc.), and (3) cognitive stimulation (continuous practice programs or use of external resources).
  • 967
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Caregivers
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental disorder typically occurring after the exposure, both direct and indirect, to a traumatic event, and is characterized by the onset and persistence of a series of clinical symptoms that can often be profoundly incapacitating and tendentially chronic. In the past decades, increasing attention has been deserved to PTSD among caregivers of patients affected by severe medical conditions characterized by a risk for life, a severe impairment or a chronic course (e.g. cancer, severe injuries, type 1 diabetes and neurologic disorders) highlighting the potential traumatic role of such experiences.
  • 957
  • 22 Sep 2020
Topic Review
Psilocybin
Psilocybin, a psychoactive alkaloid contained in hallucinogenic mushrooms, is nowadays given a lot of attention in the scientific community as a research tool for modeling psychosis as well as due to its potential therapeutic effects. Psilocybin was marketed by Sandoz as Indocybin for basic psychopharmacological and therapeutic clinical research, rising in popularity during the 1960s and classified as a Schedule I drug in 1970. Psilocybin is a naturally occurring tryptamine known for its psychedelic properties. Recent research indicates that psilocybin may constitute a valid approach to treat depression and anxiety associated to life-threatening diseases. 
  • 955
  • 23 Sep 2020
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