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Biography
Jean Cruveilhier
J. Cruveilhier was born on 9 February 1791 in Limoges, France [1]. For two centuries, the members of the Cruveilhier family were born and buried in Limoges. His grandfather Joseph (1726–1762) was a master surgeon and his father Léonard (1760–1836) was an important military surgeon, an attending surgeon at l’Hôpital Saint-Alexis in Limoges, and also a revolutionary Jacobin fanatic [2]. Hi
  • 488
  • 12 Jul 2023
Biography
Juan Valverde de Amusco
Juan Valverde de Amusco (Figure 1) was born in 1525 in the town of Hamusco (now Amusco) in the shire of Tierra de Campos (Crown of Castile, presently Palencia, Spain). There are few precise records of his life. The safest ones come from small comments disseminated throughout his books. The details regarding his childhood and youth remain unconfirmed. His probable Jewish origin has been suggested
  • 330
  • 10 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Labia
The labia are part of the female genitalia; they are the major externally visible portions of the vulva. In humans, there are two pairs of labia: the labia majora (or the outer labia) are larger and fattier, while the labia minora are folds of skin between the outer labia. The labia surround and protect the clitoris and the openings of the vagina and the urethra.
  • 10.3K
  • 28 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Large Intestine
The large intestine consists of ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoidal colon and the rectum. The wall of the large intestine can be divided into four anatomically distinct layers (from inner to outer): mucosa, submucosa, muscularis propria (inner circular and outer longitudinal layers), and serosa. Its major physiological functions include absorbing water, moving waste residue down the GI tract, and temporary fecal storage, all of which involve mechanical movement and deformation of the tubular gastrointestinal structure. The biomechanics of the large intestinal tissue plays a key role in those aforementioned physiological functions in both health and disease.  In addition, chronic visceral pain from the colon and rectum has a prominent mechanical component – it is mechanical distension, not heating, pinching, cutting, or inflammation that reliably evokes pain from hollow visceral organs. The structure and function of the large intestine is systematically summarized below with a particular focus on the heterogeneous biomechanical properties at different sub-layers of the intestinal wall.
  • 7.0K
  • 09 Nov 2020
Topic Review
LNX/PDZRN E3 Ubiquitin Ligase Family
The ligand of Numb protein-X (LNX) family, also known as the PDZRN family, is composed of four discrete RING-type E3 ubiquitin ligases (LNX1, LNX2, LNX3, and LNX4), and LNX5 which may not act as an E3 ubiquitin ligase owing to the lack of the RING domain. 
  • 749
  • 31 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Lyme Disease
Lyme disease, or Lyme borreliosis, is an increasingly prevalent illness caused by several bacteria in the Borrelia genus. Lyme disease is an increasingly common bacterial illness that exists throughout the world. Current diagnostic methods for Lyme disease are ineffective at detecting the illness during its early stages - when it is easiest to treat; thus, the improvement of Lyme diagnostics is a popular area of research in many scientific fields.
  • 707
  • 16 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Lymphangiogenesis Induction to Accelerate Wound Healing
As the role of lymphangiogenesis in wound healing becomes more and more evident, the question of its induction in the case of chronic wounds in order to increase healing may also arise. Despite the importance of lymphangiogenesis as a therapeutic target, there are still few experimental models to trace and study this process in vivo. An example, however, are the different lines of transgenic mice used for the fluorescent visualization of the recently reported lymphatic vessels. All these lines are based on BAC transgenic constructs targeted to the gene to express GFP, mOrange, or Tomato, fluorescent proteins under the transcriptional control of Prox-1, using VEGFR-3 as a lymphatic marker. The application of pharmacological concentrations of purified polypeptide growth factors, cytokines, and matrix molecules has resulted in the acceleration of normal repair in a wide variety of skin wound models. It would be interesting to consider the use of drugs that can modulate lymphangiogenesis. At the moment, there are both drugs capable of inhibiting lymphangiogenesis, mainly used for the treatment of neoplasms, and drugs capable of increasing this phenomenon on the market. Below is a short list of these drugs, divided into inhibitors and inducers of lymphangiogenesis. Thus far, different drugs have shown effects.
  • 299
  • 06 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Massage Therapy Effects on Sport and Exercise Performance
A massage is a tool that is frequently used in sports and exercise in general for recovery and increased performance. Massages, in general, do not affect motor abilities, except flexibility. However, several studies demonstrated that positive muscle force and strength changed 48 h after the massage was given. Concerning neurophysiological parameters, the massage did not change blood lactate clearance, muscle blood flow, muscle temperature, or activation. However, many studies indicate pain reduction and delayed onset muscle soreness, which are probably correlated with the reduction of the level of creatine kinase enzyme and psychological mechanisms. In addition, the massage treatment led to a decrease in depression, stress, anxiety, and the perception of fatigue and an increase in mood, relaxation, and the perception of recovery.
  • 365
  • 15 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Matrix Vesicle-Mediated and Osteocytic Regulation of Bone Mineralization
Bone mineralization entails two mineralization phases: primary and secondary mineralization. Primary mineralization is achieved when matrix vesicles are secreted by osteoblasts, and thereafter, bone mineral density gradually increases during secondary mineralization. Nearby extracellular phosphate ions (PO43−) flow into the vesicles via membrane transporters and enzymes located on the vesicles’ membranes, while calcium ions (Ca2+), abundant in the tissue fluid, are also transported into the vesicles. The accumulation of Ca2+ and PO43− in the matrix vesicles induces crystal nucleation and growth. The calcium phosphate crystals grow radially within the vesicle, penetrate the vesicle’s membrane, and continue to grow outside the vesicle, ultimately forming mineralized nodules. The mineralized nodules then attach to collagen fibrils, mineralizing them from the contact sites (i.e., collagen mineralization). Afterward, the bone mineral density gradually increases during the secondary mineralization process.
  • 647
  • 28 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Mechanical Stress on Hyaluronan Fragments’ Inflammatory Cascade
The mechanical stress can depolymerize into small pieces at low molecular weight and have a high inflammatory capacity. Many of these pieces are then further degraded into small oligosaccharides. Recently, it has been demonstrated that oligosaccharides are able to stop this inflammatory process. These data support that deep friction could metabolize self-aggregated hyaluronan (HA) chains responsible for increasing loose connective tissue viscosity, catalyzing a local HA fragment cascade that will generate soreness but, at the same time, facilitate the reconstitution of the physiological loose connective tissue properties. This information can help to explain the meaning of the inflammatory process as well as the requirement for it for the long-lasting resolution of these alterations.
  • 256
  • 22 Dec 2023
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