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Topic Review
Voltage-Gated K+ Channels
Voltage-gated K+ (Kv) channels are intrinsic plasma membrane proteins mediating the selective flow of potassium ions in response to depolarization of the transmembrane electric field. Their ionic selectivity and voltage dependence allow Kv channels to be central players in virtually all physiological functions, including the maintenance and modulation of neuronal and muscular (both cardiac and skeletal) excitability, regulation of calcium signaling cascades, control of cell volume, immune response, hormonal secretion, and others.
  • 872
  • 29 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Voice Tremor and Botulinum Neurotoxin Therapy
Voice tremor is a common, yet debilitating symptom for patients suffering from a number of tremor-associated disorders. The key to targeting effective treatments for voice tremor requires a fundamental understanding of the pathophysiology that underpins the tremor mechanism and accurate identification of the disease in affected patients. An updated review of the literature detailing the current understanding of voice tremor (with or without essential tremor), its accurate diagnosis and targeted treatment options was conducted, with a specific focus on the role of botulinum neurotoxin. Judicious patient selection, following detailed characterisation of voice tremor qualities, is essential to optimising treatment outcomes for botulinum neurotoxin therapy, as well as other targeted therapies. Further focused investigation is required to characterise the response to targeted treatment in voice tremor patients and to guide the development of innovative treatment options.
  • 469
  • 09 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Vitamin D in Sleep Disorders
Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin, mainly synthesized in the body through ultraviolet B (UVB) exposure on the skin or taken orally through food and/or supplements.
  • 473
  • 11 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Vitamin D in Cognitive Dysfunction
Vitamin D is necessary for all vertebrates, including humans, to maintain adequate phosphate and calcium levels in the blood, thereby helping to develop normal bone, optimal maintenance of muscle contractions, and cellular functions in different parts of the body. The developmental disabilities induced by vitamin D deficiency (VDD) include neurological disorders (e.g., attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorder, schizophrenia) characterized by cognitive dysfunction. 
  • 406
  • 28 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Vitamin D for Treatment of Depression and Anxiety
Major depressive disorder and anxiety disorders are common and disabling conditions that affect millions of people worldwide. Despite being different disorders, symptoms of depression and anxiety frequently overlap in individuals, making them difficult to diagnose and treat adequately. Therefore, compounds capable of exerting beneficial effects against both disorders are of special interest. Noteworthily, vitamin D deficiency has been associated with an increased risk of developing depression and anxiety, and individuals with these psychiatric conditions have low serum levels of this vitamin. 
  • 628
  • 12 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Vitamin D Deficiency and Psychiatric Pathology
Vitamin D functions have been studied progressively, and along with their main role in regulating calcium homeostasis, the potential function in the nervous system and the link between different psychiatric disorders and vitamin D deficiency have been revealed. The discovery of vitamin D receptors in multiple brain structures, like the hippocampus, led to the hypothesis that vitamin D deficiency could be responsible for treatment resistance in psychiatric diseases. 
  • 143
  • 30 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Visual Hallucinations in Migraine and Epilepsy
Since the earliest descriptions of the simple visual hallucinations in migraine patients and in subjects suffering from occipital lobe epilepsy, several important issues have arisen in recognizing epileptic seizures of the occipital lobe, which often present with symptoms mimicking migraine. A detailed quantitative and qualitative clinical scrutiny of timing and characteristics of visual impairment can contribute to avoiding mistakes. Differential diagnosis, in children, might be challenging because of the partial clinical, therapeutic, and pathophysiological overlaps between the two diseases that often coexist. Ictal elementary visual hallucinations are defined by color, shape, size, location, movement, speed of appearance and duration, frequency, and associated symptoms and their progression. The evaluation of the distinctive clinical features of visual aura in migraine and visual hallucinations in occipital epilepsy could contribute to understanding the pathogenetic mechanisms of these two conditions. 
  • 428
  • 04 May 2023
Topic Review
Visceral Adipose Tissue Metabolism and Alzheimer’s Disease
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive, neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the presence of intracellular neurofibrillary tangles and extracellular amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques in the brain. Although the accumulation of Aβ plaques is believed to be one of the factors driving AD pathogenesis, clear pathophysiology of AD delineating the contributions of each pathological protein has not been confirmed. The visceral adipose tissue (VAT) has been recognized as an endocrine organ, and VAT dysfunction could be a risk factor for AD. Epidemiological studies revealed that high adiposity is correlated with an increased risk of developing dementia, including AD. In addition, significant relationships between adipose-derived molecules, such as leptin and adiponectin, and progression of AD have been reported. Moreover, it was recently reported that the proinflammatory cytokine derived from VAT plays an important role in the pathogenesis of AD. However, the mechanism by which VAT dysfunction affects the development and progression of AD remains unclear.
  • 337
  • 25 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Virus and Accelerated Brain Aging
Accelerated brain aging is often related to enhanced neurodegeneration, which includes loss of neuronal cell structure and function due to (1) metabolic changes, (2) neuronal cell death (3) decline in the neuronal network, (4) neuronal functional deficiency, (5) decline in neuronal regeneration, or (6) a combination of the mentioned reasons. It also includes functional and structural changes of the glial cells, resulting in demyelination and gliosis. Neurodegeneration is aggravated by neuroinflammation, which contributes substantially to accelerated brain aging. Neuroinflammation usually correlates with the activation of microglia, the resident macrophages and innate immune cells of the brain.
  • 507
  • 03 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Vasopressin-Related Possible Therapies in Autism
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is rather common, presenting with prevalent early problems in social communication and accompanied by repetitive behavior. There is no cure for ASD, and there is currently no medication to treat it. The medications are prescribed mainly to treat self-injury, inability to focus, anxiety and depression (SSRIs), aggression (alpha-2 adrenergic agonist, Clonidine) and hyperactivity (dopamine and noradrenaline stimulant methylphenidate, Ritalin). Strategies to treat the core symptoms of ASD are directed to correct synaptic dysfunctions, abnormalities in central VP, OT and serotonin neurotransmission, and neuroinflammation. 
  • 283
  • 14 Dec 2023
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