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Topic Review
Transoral Robotic Surgery: Applications in HNC
Minimally invasive surgery is a growing field in surgical oncology. After acquiring its first Food and Drug Administration approval in 2009 for T1–T2 malignancies of the oral cavity, oropharynx, and larynx, transoral robotic surgery (TORS) has gained popularity thanks to its wristed instruments and magnified three-dimensional view, enhancing surgical comfort in remote-access areas. Its indications are expanding in the treatment of head and neck cancer, i.e., resection of tumors of the larynx, hypopharynx, or parapharyngeal space. Head and neck cancer (HNC) incidence has increased, ranking eighth among the most common cancers worldwide in 2020 with approximately 900,000 cases yearly. Following a similar trend, head and neck surgeons in Australia and New Zealand have a TORS adoption rate of 43.6%. The main indications for TORS in all these countries are lateral oropharyngectomy, base-of-tongue mucosectomy, and surgery for obstructive sleep apnea.
  • 377
  • 30 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Tissue Engineering for Glottic Insufficiency
Glottic insufficiency is widespread in the elderly population and occurs as a result of secondary damage or systemic disease. Tissue engineering is a viable treatment for glottic insufficiency since it aims to restore damaged nerve tissue and revitalize aging muscle. After injection into the biological system, injectable biomaterial delivers cost- and time-effectiveness while acting as a protective shield for cells and biomolecules.
  • 416
  • 13 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Temporal Bone Mass Lesions
Tumoral lesions of the temporal bone include benign or malignant tumors and congenital or inflammatory lesions. Temporal bone lesions are difficult to approach. Therefore, making a preoperative diagnosis and considering whether the lesions require treatment are necessary; if they require treatment, then the type of treatment requires consideration. These tumors cannot be observed directly and must be diagnosed based on symptoms and imaging findings.
  • 132
  • 23 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Swallow Detection with Acoustics and Accelerometric-Based Wearable Technology
Swallowing disorders, especially dysphagia, might lead to malnutrition and dehydration and could potentially lead to fatal aspiration. Benchmark swallowing assessments, such as videofluoroscopy or endoscopy, are expensive and invasive. Wearable technologies using acoustics and accelerometric sensors could offer opportunities for accessible and home-based long-term assessment. Identifying valid swallow events is the first step before enabling the technology for clinical applications. 
  • 439
  • 09 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Surgical Techniques and The Benefits of Cochlear Implantation
As selection criteria for CI are continuously evolving and more patients are eligible for implantation, the preservation of residual hearing is becoming increasingly studied. Sustained trauma to the cochlea during the advancement of the electrode array was identified as a critical factor that can deteriorate residual hearing; therefore, in recent years, increasing attention has been directed towards surgical principles.
  • 385
  • 15 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Sobrerol
Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are usually characterized by mucus hypersecretion. This condition may worsen and prolong symptoms and signs. For this reason, reducing mucus production and improving mucus removal represent relevant aspects of managing patients with RTIs. In this regard, mucoactive drugs may be effective. Mucoactive agents constitute a large class of compounds characterized by different mechanisms of action. Sobrerol is a monoterpene able to fluidify mucus, increase mucociliary clearance, and exert antioxidant activity. Sobrerol is available in various formulations (granules, syrup, nebulized, and suppository). Sobrerol has been on the market for over 50 years.
  • 318
  • 18 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Skull Vibration-Induced Nystagmus in Superior Semicircular Canal Dehiscence
The third window syndrome, often associated with the Tullio phenomenon, is most often observed in patients with a superior semicircular-canal dehiscence (SCD) but is not specific to this pathology. Clinical and vestibular tests suggestive of this pathology are not always concomitantly observed and have been complemented by the skull-vibration-induced nystagmus test, which constitutes a bone-conducted Tullio phenomenon (BCTP).
  • 76
  • 18 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Sinonasal Orbital Apex Syndrome
Rhinosinusitis (RS) is an inflammatory disease of the nose and paranasal sinuses with a clinical picture of anterior or posterior nasal discharge, congestion, olfactory dysfunction, and facial pain or pressure. It must be confirmed with endoscopic or radiological signs of inflammation. By its duration, it is classified into acute (i.e., duration <4 weeks), subacute (4–12 weeks), and chronic RS (>12 weeks). Moreover, RS can be named according to the inflamed paranasal sinus, e.g., sphenoiditis in sphenoid sinus inflammation. RS significantly affects the patient’s quality of life due to the significant impact on personal development, sleep hygiene, mental health, physical condition, self-perception, and family relationships.
  • 150
  • 02 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Sinonasal Inverted Papilloma
Sinonasal inverted papilloma (SNIP) is a benign neoplasm of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses and accounts for 0.5–4% of primary nasal tumors.
  • 335
  • 22 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Sex Differences in Hearing Loss
The triad of noise-generated, drug-induced, and age-related hearing loss is the major cause of acquired sensorineural hearing loss (ASNHL) in modern society. Although these three forms of hearing loss display similar underlying mechanisms, detailed studies have revealed the presence of sex differences in the auditory system both in human and animal models of ASNHL. However, the sexual dimorphism of hearing varies among noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL), ototoxicity, and age-related hearing loss (ARHL).
  • 628
  • 09 Aug 2021
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