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Topic Review
Markov Modeling of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
This project focuses on utilizing mathematical Markov chain modeling as a stochastic process to analyze the stages of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS). ARDS, characterized by a spectrum of severity ranging from floors to death, presents a complex clinical challenge. By employing Markov chain modeling, we aim to provide a structured framework for understanding the dynamic progression of ARDS. Our approach involves constructing a Markov chain that represents the transition of patients through various stages of ARDS, including floors, mild, moderate, severe, and ultimately death. Each stage is associated with specific clinical characteristics and outcomes, forming the basis of our modeling framework. In addition to describing the natural progression of ARDS, our project involves reviewing current clinical guidelines for managing the condition. We propose to examine the impact of each guideline on patient outcomes and the transition through different ARDS stages. By systematically analyzing the effects of various interventions and treatment strategies, we aim to provide insights into optimizing patient care and improving outcomes in ARDS management. Ultimately, this project serves as a comprehensive exploration of ARDS progression, providing healthcare professionals with a valuable framework for thinking about the condition. By integrating mathematical modeling with clinical guidelines, we seek to enhance our understanding of ARDS and contribute to more effective treatment approaches tailored to individual patient needs.
  • 87
  • 30 Apr 2024
Topic Review
Classification and Hemodynamic Definitions of Pulmonary Hypertension
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) refers to a pathologic elevation of the mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP) and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality in a wide range of medical conditions. These conditions are classified according to similarities in pathophysiology and management in addition to their invasive hemodynamic profiles. The 2022 ESC/ERS guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary hypertension present the newest clinical classification system and includes significant updates to the hemodynamic definitions. Pulmonary hypertension is now hemodynamically defined as an mPAP > 20 mmHg, reduced from the previous threshold of ≥25 mmHg, due to important insights from both normative and prognostic data. Pulmonary vascular resistance has been extended into the definition of pre-capillary pulmonary hypertension, with an updated threshold of >2 Wood Units (WU), to help differentiate pulmonary vascular disease from other causes of increased mPAP. Exercise pulmonary hypertension has been reintroduced into the hemodynamic definitions and is defined by an mPAP/cardiac output slope of >3 mmHg/L/min between rest and exercise. While these new hemodynamic thresholds will have a significant impact on the diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension, no evidence-based treatments are available for patients with mPAP between 21–24 mmHg and/or PVR between 2–3 WU or with exercise PH. 
  • 64
  • 21 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Pleural Mesothelioma
Pleural mesothelioma (PM) is a type of cancer that is highly related to exposure to asbestos fibers. It shows aggressive behavior, and the current therapeutic approaches are usually insufficient to change the poor prognosis. Moreover, apart from staging and histological classification, there are no validated predictors of its response to treatment or its long-term outcomes. Numerous studies have investigated minimally invasive biomarkers in pleural fluid or blood to aid in earlier diagnosis and prognostic assessment of PM.
  • 66
  • 08 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Neuroendocrine Tumors in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome/Acute Lung Injury
The mortality rate of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is still very high, and the remission and treatment of ARDS are still the focus of research. The causes of acute respiratory distress syndrome are varied, with pneumonia and non-pulmonary sepsis being the most common. Trauma and blood transfusion can also cause acute respiratory distress syndrome. In ARDS, the accumulation and infiltration of neutrophils in the lungs have a great influence on the development of the disease. Neutrophils regulate inflammatory responses through various pathways, and neutrophils release via neutrophilic extracellular traps (NETs) is considered to be one of the most important mechanisms.
  • 136
  • 08 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Eosinophilic Cationic Protein in Chronic Pediatric Cough
Although the cough reflex is one of the essential protective mechanisms in the respiratory tract, it is considered a considerable health problem in adults and children when it becomes chronic and hypersensitive. However, the need for biomarkers for chronic cough in children and adults is critical. The problem with cough is also a severe symptom in hypersensitivity children. Respiratory infections are a considerable challenge for pediatricians, especially in allergic children. The term cough hypersensitivity syndrome, although introduced in adults, was questioned for children. Eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) is a promising marker for chronic cough but still needs to be validated and proved in clinical settings.
  • 74
  • 08 Mar 2024
Topic Review
K+ Channels in O2 Sensing
O2 sensing is a fundamental biological process necessary for the acute and chronic responses to varying environmental O2 levels which allow organisms to adapt to hypoxia. Whereas chronic responses depend on the modulation of hypoxia-inducible transcription factors which determine the expression of numerous genes encoding enzymes, transporters and growth factors, acute responses rely mainly on the dynamic modulation of ion channels by hypoxia, causing adaptive changes in cell excitability, contractility and secretory activity in specialized tissues.
  • 69
  • 27 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Cardiovascular Risk Associated with Sleep Respiratory Disorders
Exposure to risk factors in youth can exacerbate the development of future cardiovascular disease (CVD). Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), characterized by repetitive episodes of airway obstructions, could trigger said CVD acting as a modifiable risk factor. Measurements from echocardiography have shown impairments in the anatomy and function of the heart related to the severity of OSA.
  • 61
  • 21 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Mechanisms in Development of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis
Fibroblasts synthesize collagen, fibronectin, and extracellular matrix (ECM). Myofibroblasts—other cells involved in fibrosis—secrete factors such as VEGF and TGF-β, produce denser but more disorganized ECM than fibroblasts, and persist longer at the injury site. One cytokine involved in tissue repair is TGF-β. Sources of TGF-β include platelet granules and macrophages. TGF-β is predominantly expressed in PF and helps stimulate the formation of ECM, collagen, fibronectin, elastic fibers, and matrix substances.
  • 152
  • 04 Feb 2024
Topic Review
The Dual Role of Chemerin in Lung Diseases
Chemerin is an atypical chemokine first described as a chemoattractant agent for monocytes, natural killer cells, plasmacytoid and myeloid dendritic cells, through interaction with its main receptor, the G protein-coupled receptor chemokine-like receptor 1 (CMKLR1). Chemerin has been studied in various lung disease models, showing both pro- and anti-inflammatory properties. Given the incidence and burden of inflammatory lung diseases from diverse origins (infectious, autoimmune, age-related, etc.), chemerin has emerged as an interesting therapeutical target due to its immunomodulatory role.
  • 63
  • 01 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Basis and Progress in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) is a sudden onset of lung injury characterized by bilateral pulmonary edema, diffuse inflammation, hypoxemia, and a low P/F ratio. Epithelial injury and endothelial injury are notable in the development of ARDS, which is more severe under mechanical stress.
  • 262
  • 26 Jan 2024
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