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All Topic Review Biography
Topic Review
Treatment Drugs for Silicosis
Silicosis, characterized by irreversible pulmonary fibrosis, remains a major global public health problem. Cumulative studies are focusing on elucidating the pathogenesis of silicosis in order to identify preventive or therapeutic antifibrotic agents. However, the existing research on the mechanism of silica-dust-induced pulmonary fibrosis is only the tip of the iceberg and lags far behind clinical needs. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), as a pulmonary fibrosis disease, also has the same problem.
  • 376
  • 15 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Transbronchial Techniques for Lung Cancer Treatment
The demand for parenchyma-sparing local therapies for lung cancer is rising owing to an increasing incidence of multifocal lung cancers and patients who are unfit for surgery. With the latest evidence of the efficacy of lung cancer screening, more premalignant or early-stage lung cancers are being discovered and the paradigm has shifted from treatment to prevention. Transbronchial therapy is an important armamentarium in the local treatment of lung cancers, with microwave ablation being the most promising based on early to midterm results. Adjuncts to improve transbronchial ablation efficiency and accuracy include mobile C-arm platforms, software to correct for the CT-to-body divergence, metal-containing nanoparticles, and robotic bronchoscopy.
  • 210
  • 23 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Thoracentesis for the Management of Pleural Effusions
Pleural effusion refers to the accumulation of fluid in the pleural space, which can occur due to various underlying medical conditions. It is a relatively common finding, with approximately 1.5 million cases reported annually in the United States. Common causes include congestive heart failure, bacterial pneumonia, and malignancy. Thoracentesis, also known as needle thoracostomy or pleural tap, was first described by American physician Henry Ingersoll Bowditch in 1852 and involves the removal of excess pleural fluid for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. It is often the preferred initial procedure for diagnosis and management of pleural effusions, with approximately 178,000 thoracenteses performed in the United States annually.
  • 202
  • 19 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Therapy for Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is one of the most common sleep problems defined by cessation or decreased airflow despite breathing efforts. It is known to be related to multiple adverse health consequences. Positive airway pressure (PAP) is considered an effective treatment that is widely used. Various modes of PAP and other emerging treatment options are now available.
  • 261
  • 03 Feb 2023
Topic Review
The Role of Immunity in Combating SARS-CoV-2
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an epidemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2). Populations at risk as well as those who can develop serious complications are people with chronic diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, and the elderly. Severe symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 infection are associated with immune failure and dysfunction. The approach of strengthening immunity may be the right choice in order to save lives.
  • 355
  • 03 Mar 2022
Topic Review
The Pathogenesis of Pulmonary Fibrosis
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is currently considered an epithelium-driven disease wherein dysfunctional aging lung epithelia are exposed to recurrent microinjuries that sabotage regeneration and lead to aberrant epithelial–mesenchymal crosstalk, creating an imbalance between profibrotic and antifibrotic mediators. 
  • 336
  • 17 Feb 2022
Topic Review
The Mechanisms Underlying Vertical Artifacts in Lung Ultrasound
The recent advances in lung ultrasound for the diagnosis of cardiogenic pulmonary edema are outstanding; however, the mechanism of vertical artifacts known as B-lines used for the diagnosis has not yet been fully elucidated. The theory of “acoustic trap” is useful when considering the generation of vertical artifacts. Basic research in several studies supports the theory. Published studies with pilot experiments indicate that clarification of the relationship between the length and intensity of vertical artifacts and physical or acoustic composition of sources may be useful for differentiating cardiogenic pulmonary edema from lung diseases. There is no international consensus with regard to the optimal settings of ultrasound machines even though their contribution to the configuration of vertical artifacts is evident. In the clinical setting, the configuration is detrimentally affected by the use of spatial compound imaging, the placement of the focal point at a deep level, and the use of multiple focus. Simple educational materials using a glass microscope slide also show the non-negligible impact of the ultrasound machine settings on the morphology of vertical artifacts.
  • 597
  • 29 Apr 2022
Topic Review
The Importance of Capsules in Dry Powder Inhalers
Capsule-based dry powder inhalers (cDPI) use a hard capsule that contains a powder formulation which consists of a mixture of a micronized drug and a carrier usually the lactose, known for its good lung tolerance. The capsule is either inserted into the device during manufacturer or by the patient prior to use. After perforating, opening or cut the capsule in the device, patients take a deep and rapid breath to inhale the powder, using air as the vector of drug displacement. The system is simple, relatively cheap and characterized by a lower carbon footprint than that of pressurized metered dose inhalers. 
  • 890
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
The Exposome Approach in Allergies and Lung Diseases
Emerging research suggests environmental exposures before conception may adversely affect allergies and lung diseases in future generations. Most studies are limited as they have focused on single exposures, not considering that these diseases have a multifactorial origin in which environmental and lifestyle factors are likely to interact. Traditional exposure assessment methods fail to capture the interactions among environmental exposures and their impact on fundamental biological processes, as well as individual and temporal factors. A valid estimation of exposure preconception is difficult since the human reproductive cycle spans decades and the access to germ cells is limited. The exposome is defined as the cumulative measure of external exposures on an organism (external exposome), and the associated biological responses (endogenous exposome) throughout the lifespan, from conception and onwards. An exposome approach implies a targeted or agnostic analysis of the concurrent and temporal multiple exposures, and may, together with recent technological advances, improve the assessment of the environmental contributors to health and disease. This review describes the current knowledge on preconception environmental exposures as related to respiratory health outcomes in offspring. We discuss the usefulness and feasibility of using an exposome approach in this research, advocating for the preconception exposure window to become included in the exposome concept.
  • 357
  • 17 Dec 2021
Topic Review
The Dual Role of Chemerin in Lung Diseases
Chemerin is an atypical chemokine first described as a chemoattractant agent for monocytes, natural killer cells, plasmacytoid and myeloid dendritic cells, through interaction with its main receptor, the G protein-coupled receptor chemokine-like receptor 1 (CMKLR1). Chemerin has been studied in various lung disease models, showing both pro- and anti-inflammatory properties. Given the incidence and burden of inflammatory lung diseases from diverse origins (infectious, autoimmune, age-related, etc.), chemerin has emerged as an interesting therapeutical target due to its immunomodulatory role.
  • 69
  • 01 Feb 2024
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