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Topic Review
Intensive Care Unit-Acquired Weakness and Sarcopenia
Intensive care unit-acquired weakness (ICUAW) brings about skeletal muscle wasting due to critical illness and has important clinical implications, significantly impacting rehabilitation, and increasing both morbidity and mortality. ICUAW is sometimes referred to as critical illness polyneuromyopathy—being called critical illness polyneuropathy (CIP) when nerve involvement predominates, or critical illness myopathy (CIM) where muscle involvement is crucial. It manifests as muscle weakness that develops rapidly, prior to any detectable muscle wasting. 
  • 541
  • 10 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Cardiogenic Shock Complicating Acute Myocardial Infarction
Cardiogenic shock complicating acute myocardial infarction is a complex clinical condition associated with dismal prognosis. Routine early target vessel revascularization remains the most effective treatment to substantially improve outcomes, but mortality remains high. Temporary circulatory support devices have emerged with the aim to enhance cardiac unloading and improve end-organ perfusion.
  • 539
  • 21 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Mechanisms of Carbapenem Resistance
Carbapenem antibiotics are the most effective antimicrobials for the treatment of infections caused by the most resistant bacteria. They belong to the category of β-lactams that include the penicillins, cephalosporins, monobactams and carbapenems. This class of antimicrobials has a broader spectrum of activity than most other beta-lactams antibiotics and are the most effective against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. All β-lactams antibiotics have a similar molecular structure: the carbapenems together with the β-lactams. 
  • 524
  • 13 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Big Data in Laboratory Medicine
Laboratory medicine is a digital science. Every large hospital produces a wealth of data each day—from simple numerical results from, e.g., sodium measurements to highly complex output of “-omics” analyses, as well as quality control results and metadata. Processing, connecting, storing, and ordering extensive parts of these individual data requires Big Data techniques. Whereas novel technologies such as artificial intelligence and machine learning have exciting application for the augmentation of laboratory medicine, the Big Data concept remains fundamental for any sophisticated data analysis in large databases. To make laboratory medicine data optimally usable for clinical and research purposes, they need to be FAIR: findable, accessible, interoperable, and reusable. This can be achieved, for example, by automated recording, connection of devices, efficient ETL (Extract, Transform, Load) processes, careful data governance, and modern data security solutions. Enriched with clinical data, laboratory medicine data allow a gain in pathophysiological insights, can improve patient care, or can be used to develop reference intervals for diagnostic purposes. 
  • 518
  • 30 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Blood Stream Infections
Blood Stream Infections (BSIs) are defined by positive blood culture or cultures (with an isolate of the same species grown in at least one blood culture bottle) in a patient with systemic signs of infection (i.e., a patient who has evidence of one or more of the symptoms or signs, which are fever (body temperature > 38 °C), hypothermia (body temperature < 36 °C), chills, hypotension, oliguria, or high lactate levels).
  • 491
  • 23 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Neuromuscular Ultrasound in Intensive Care Unit-Acquired Weakness
Intensive care unit-acquired weakness (ICUAW) is one of the most common causes of muscle atrophy and functional disability in critically ill intensive care patients. Clinical examination, manual muscle strength testing and monitoring are frequently hampered by sedation, delirium and cognitive impairment. Ultrasound is a broadly accepted, non-invasive, bedside-accessible diagnostic tool and well established in various clinical applications. Hereby, neuromuscular ultrasound (NMUS), in particular, has been proven to be of significant diagnostic value in many different neuromuscular diseases. In ICUAW, NMUS has been shown to detect and monitor alterations of muscles and nerves, and might help to predict patient outcome.
  • 450
  • 22 May 2023
Topic Review
Targeted Temperature Management
International guidelines recommend targeted temperature management (TTM) to improve the neurological outcomes in adult patients with post-cardiac arrest syndrome (PCAS). Several studies have indicated that the beneficial effect of hypothermic TTM differs according to the severity of PCAS, suggesting that there may be a subgroup of PCAS patients that is especially likely to benefit from hypothermic TTM. 
  • 447
  • 13 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Multi-Drug Resistance Bacterial Infections
It is known that bacterial infections represent a common complication during viral respiratory tract infections such as influenza, with a concomitant increase in morbidity and mortality. Nevertheless, the prevalence of bacterial co-infections and secondary infections in critically ill patients affected by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is not well understood yet. We performed a review of the literature currently available to examine the incidence of bacterial secondary infections acquired during hospital stay and the risk factors associated with multidrug resistance.
  • 440
  • 30 Aug 2021
Topic Review
TAVIs
The first TAVI was performed by Alain Cribier in an inoperable patient in 2002, and since that moment, transcatheter valve intervention has become an optimal alternative therapy to SAVR for patients with AS. TAVI was introduced in 2004 to treat comorbid patients at high surgical risk, avoiding cardiac arrest and cardiopulmonary bypass while reducing surgical trauma. During the subsequent years, modern transcatheter heart valves (THVs) have become more efficient, and the outcomes of TAVI have constantly improved.
  • 440
  • 06 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Fluid Resuscitation in Sepsis
The importance of fluid resuscitation therapy during the early stages of sepsis management is a well-established principle. Current Surviving Sepsis Campaign (SSC) guidelines recommend the early administration of intravenous crystalloid fluids for sepsis-related hypotension or hyperlactatemia due to tissue hypoperfusion, within the first 3 h of resuscitation and suggest using balanced solutions (BSs) instead of normal saline (NS) for the management of patients with sepsis or septic shock.
  • 433
  • 08 Jun 2023
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