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Topic Review
Tirzepatide in Type 2 Diabetes
Tirzepatide (TZP) is a once-weekly glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent-insulinotropic-polypeptide (GIP) receptor co-agonist approved for T2D. TZP provides promising evidence in improving glucose control and weight loss in T2D and obesity across preclinical and human studies, including data from the SURPASS program. TZP dramatically changes the clinical course of T2D in different clinical scenarios. 
  • 388
  • 19 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Writing Therapy
Writing therapy is a form of expressive therapy that uses the act of writing and processing the written word as therapy. Writing therapy posits that writing one's feelings gradually eases feelings of emotional trauma. Writing therapeutically can take place individually or in a group and it can be administered in person with a therapist or remotely through mailing or the Internet. The field of writing therapy includes many practitioners in a variety of settings. The therapy is usually administered by a therapist or counselor. Several interventions exist online. Writing group leaders also work in hospitals with patients dealing with mental and physical illnesses. In university departments they aid student self-awareness and self-development. When administered at a distance, it is useful for those who prefer to remain personally anonymous and are not ready to disclose their most private thoughts and anxieties in a face-to-face situation. As with most forms of therapy, writing therapy is adapted and used to work with a wide range of psychoneurotic issues, including bereavement, desertion and abuse. Many of these interventions take the form of classes where clients write on specific themes chosen by their therapist or counsellor. Assignments may include writing unsent letters to selected individuals, alive or dead, followed by imagined replies from the recipient, or a dialogue with the recovering alcoholic's bottle of alcohol.
  • 385
  • 28 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Primary Localized Cutaneous Nodular Amyloidosis and Sjögren’s Syndrome
Primary localized cutaneous nodular amyloidosis (PLCNA) is a rare condition attributed to plasma cell proliferation and the deposition of immunoglobulin light chains in the skin without association with systemic amyloidosis or hematological dyscrasias. It is not uncommon for patients diagnosed with PLCNA to also suffer from other auto-immune connective tissue diseases, with Sjögren’s syndrome (SjS) showing the strongest association. 
  • 384
  • 06 May 2023
Topic Review
Hepatic LKB1 and NAFLD
Hepatic lipid droplets, expression of AR, and phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) increased in the presence of testosterone. Concurrently, the expression of LKB1, an upstream regulator of AMPK, was increased by testosterone treatment.
  • 382
  • 25 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Novel Oral Anticoagulants
The use of novel oral anticoagulants in patients with impaired renal function or undergoing immunosuppressive therapy is limited due to the risk of drug-to-drug interactions and anticoagulation-related adverse events. Novel oral anticoagulants (NOACs) have been commonly used in patients facing a higher risk of cardiovascular (CV) incidents such as atrial fibrillation (AF) and venous thrombo-embolic events (VTE), successfully decreasing numbers of CV incidents in the general population. The probability of those incidents increases in specific groups of patients, including those with chronic kidney disease (CKD) where the risk of developing AF averages between 19–24%, reaching up to 27% in patients with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD).
  • 382
  • 04 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Biosensor-Integrated Drug Delivery Systems in Diabetes
One of the most recognized diseases worldwide is diabetes. There are currently almost half a billion individuals globally with this disease and this is expected to crest three quarters of a billion by the end of the decade. Traditionally, diabetes is broken into three categories: Type 1 (previously referred to as juvenile); Type 2 (occasion defined as adult onset), and gestational diabetes. Gestational diabetes occurs in ~2–10% of pregnant women with roughly 50% of these cases leading to the mother developing T2D after giving birth. Generally, 5–10% of cases of diabetes are of the T1D form with the remaining 90–95% having T2D. The need to monitor blood glucose, whether for T1D or T2D, is vital for the health and welfare of those afflicted with these diseases. Equally, if not more important, is the need to administer the necessary drug once the knowledge of one’s blood glucose is determined. It is this key second part that has led to significant efforts and ultimate successes in bringing closed-loop systems for diabetes management to market.
  • 382
  • 08 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Insulin/IGF-I Signaling Pathway and the Metabolic Syndrome
The metabolic syndrome is a cluster of overlapping conditions resulting in an increased incidence of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in the Western world has reached epidemic proportions and this is likely due to alterations in diet and the environment as well as decreased physical activity.
  • 382
  • 30 Jul 2023
Topic Review
BCG Vaccination
BCG vaccine has been used for 100 years to prevent tuberculosis. Not all countries, including the United States, adopted the initial World Health Organization recommendation to use BCG. Moreover, many Western countries that had routinely used BCG have discontinued its use.
  • 381
  • 28 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Resveratrol Effects on Atherosclerosis Progression
The beneficial effects of a Mediterranean diet are due to the numerous active compounds in the food and, particularly, the high concentration of compounds with synergistically acting antioxidant properties. Resveratrol, a stilbenoid nonflavonoid phenol, is an antioxidant that is naturally produced by numerous plants as a defensive agent in response to attacks from pathogens, such as bacteria and fungi. Resveratrol has several effects on human health, including on the lipid profile, where it primarily downregulates the enzyme 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase, reducing the synthesis of cholesterol. Resveratrol also increases the expression of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptors in the liver, contributing to the reduction in the LDL-cholesterol levels. 
  • 380
  • 31 May 2023
Topic Review
Insulin Metabolism in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine and metabolic disorder in women of reproductive age. Its heterogeneous clinical presentation is characterized by hyperandrogenemia, reproductive changes, polycystic ovary morphology, and insulin resistance (IR). The primary pathophysiological process in its multifactorial etiology has not yet been identified. Although commonly proposed as an initial abnormality, IR is most often looked at in isolation, without the proper investigation of other essential steps in insulin metabolism. 
  • 375
  • 06 May 2023
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