Encyclopedia
Scholarly Community
Encyclopedia
Entry
Video
Image
Journal
Book
News
About
Entry
Entry
Video
Image
Log in/Sign up
Submit
Entry
Video
Image
Subject:
All Disciplines
Arts & Humanities
Biology & Life Sciences
Business & Economics
Chemistry & Materials Science
Computer Science & Mathematics
Engineering
Environmental & Earth Sciences
Medicine & Pharmacology
Physical Sciences
Public Health & Healthcare
Social Sciences
Sort:
Hottest
Latest
Alphabetical (A-Z)
Alphabetical (Z-A)
Type:
All
Topic Review
Biography
Topic Review
Static and Dynamic Redox State-Related Parameters
Oxidative stress refers to an imbalance between oxidant and antioxidant molecules, which is usually associated with oxidative damage to biomolecules and mitochondrial malfunction. Redox state-related parameters include (1) the direct measurement of ROS, (2) the assessment of the antioxidant defense status, and (3) the analysis of the resulting oxidative damage to molecules. Directly measuring ROS appears to be the preferred method among scientists, but most ROS are extremely unstable and difficult to measure. The processes of determining both the oxidative damage to biomolecules and the antioxidant system status, although both are indirect approaches, provide a reliable method to measure oxidative stress on a given sample. Recently, the Seahorse XF and the Oroboros O2k systems have provided new insights into the redox state from a more dynamic point of view. These techniques assess mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation function and bioenergetics on isolated mitochondria, cultured cells, or specific tissues such as permeabilized fibers.
331
31 May 2022
Topic Review
Strength and Weakness of NIBS-RAR Coupled Intervention
Robot-aided rehabilitation (RAR) and non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) are the two main interventions for post-stroke rehabilitation. The importance of coupling these interventions, which both enhance brain plasticity to promote recovery, lies in augmenting the rehabilitation potential to constrain the limitation in daily living activities and the quality of life following stroke.
539
08 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Synthesis of Carbon Dots
There are many studies on the different synthesis methods of carbon dots. Each process aims to improve the synthesis strategy and optimize the reaction conditions so that the carbon dots are not only more cost-effective and eco-friendly, but also provide more excellent performance.
2.2K
08 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Beta-Lactam Antibiotics
Here describes various aspects of beta-lactams use in the critical care, focusing on clinical antibiotic stewardship in the ICU. Pharmacokinetics / pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) characteristics of beta-lactams are described and main factors of PK/PD variability in critically ill patients. Toxicity of beta-lactams, a frequently overlooked issue, is outlined. Analytical methods used in therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of beta-lactams are discussed. The evidence supporting antibiotic guidance based on therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) in critically ill patients is analysed.
282
19 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Titin and Muscle Atrophy
Titin, also called connectin, is a giant sarcomere protein, which functions as a spring for muscle extension and elasticity. Titin interconnects the contraction of actin-containing thin filaments and myosin-containing thick filaments. Recently, the N-terminal fragment of titin, which is the breakdown product of titin, has become measurable using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit (27900 titin N-fragment Assay Kit; Immuno-Biological Laboratories, Fujioka, Japan). This kit has been used to evaluate muscle breakdown in muscle dystrophy, in which the level of urinary titin N-fragment was 700-times above the normal level.
2.6K
20 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Uric Acid Electroanalysis
Uric acid is a metabolic product that results from degradation of purines in the liver. Usually, uric acid is identified from biological fluids, human serum and urine through conventional methods, such as spectroscopy, chromatography, electrochemistry, membrane capillary electrophoresis and spectrophotometric methods, including uricase enzymatic reactions. Importantly, uric acid determination opens the possibility of early intervention in cases of hyperuricemia and preventing the degradation of renal function.
514
25 Jun 2023
Topic Review
X-ray Single-Crystal Diffraction
X-ray single-crystal diffraction (XRSCD) is regarded as the most reliable strategy for absolute configuration determination. Differences in the X-ray anomalous scattering effect of each atom are used to determine the absolute configuration of molecules and can provide the precise spatial position of all of the atoms in a compound in the solid state, including how the atoms are connected, the molecular conformation, and accurate bond length and bond angle data. The strength of the anomalous scattering effect is proportional to the electron cloud density of the atom, which is manifested as the stronger anomalous scattering effect of the atom with a larger atomic number.
980
01 Jun 2022
Page
of
6
Featured Entry Collections
>>
Featured Books
>>
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Chief Editor:
Michael McAleer
Encyclopedia of COVID-19
Chief Editor:
Stephen Bustin
Encyclopedia of Fungi
Chief Editor:
Luis V. Lopez-Llorca
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Chief Editor:
Sandro Serpa
Entry
Video
Image
Journal
Book
News
About
Log in/Sign up
New Entry
New Video
New Images
About
Terms and Conditions
Privacy Policy
Advisory Board
Contact
Partner
Video Production Service
Feedback
Top
Feedback
×
Help Center
Browse our user manual, common Q&A, author guidelines, etc.
Rate your experience
Let us know your experience and what we could improve.
Report an error
Is something wrong? Please let us know!
Other feedback
Other feedback you would like to report.
×
Did you find what you were looking for?
Love
Like
Neutral
Dislike
Hate
0
/500
Email
Do you agree to share your valuable feedback publicly on
Encyclopedia
’s homepage?
Yes, I agree. Encyclopedia can post it.
No, I do not agree. I would not like to post my testimonial.
Webpage
Upload a screenshot
(Max file size 2MB)
Submit
Back
Close
×