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Topic Review
Aβ-Peptide Production and Conformational Behavior
Alzheimer’s disease  (AD) is the most common type of neurodegenerative disease in the world. Genetic evidence strongly suggests that aberrant generation, aggregation, and/or clearance of neurotoxic amyloid-β peptides (Aβ) triggers the disease. Aβ accumulates at the points of contact of neurons in ordered cords and fibrils, forming the so-called senile plaques. Aβ isoforms of different lengths are found in healthy human brains regardless of age and appear to play a role in signaling pathways in the brain and to have neuroprotective properties at low concentrations. This entry describes molecular mechanisms of amyloid-β precursor protein processing in AD.
  • 648
  • 11 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Biological Age Predictors
Age is a major risk factor for chronic noncommunicable diseases. It is a recognized contributor to severe COVID-19 and associated complications. However, many studies have suggested that it is biological rather than chronological age that underlies the development of numerous diseases. People age at a different pace, which is determined not only by genetic predisposition but also by external factors, such as socioeconomic factors and lifestyle. The likelihood of aging-associated diseases and mortality varies even among people of the same age. Certain combinations of biomarkers are more reliable predictors of biological age or mortality
  • 365
  • 12 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Dietary Interventions to Reduce Frailty
Frailty is a state of accelerated aging that increases susceptibility to adverse health outcomes. Due to its high societal and personal costs, there is great interest in discovering beneficial interventions to attenuate frailty. These interventions can include dietary supplements like vitamins, metalloids, and antioxidants. While many supplements show beneficial results in older pre-clinical models of frailty, these results are often sex specific. Testing these interventions in pre-clinical models can facilitate the understanding of their impact on underlying mechanisms of frailty.
  • 304
  • 21 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Flavonoids for Health and Longevity
Flavonoids are a diverse family of natural phenolic compounds commonly found in fruits, vegetables, tea, wine, and Chinese herbal medicine. Flavonoids have a basic C6–C3–C6 15 carbon skeleton composed of two aromatic rings and one pyran ring. Flavonoid compounds are divided into six subclasses based on their carbon structure and level of oxidation, which are flavones, flavonols, flavanones, isoflavones, flavanol, and anthocyanins.
  • 870
  • 23 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Income Disparity between Agricultural and Non-Agricultural Households
The income disparity between agricultural and non-agricultural households has been increasing in many countries. Studies in the labor economics literature often link population aging and underemployment to low labor participation and productivity, fewer savings, and greater financial pressure on households. 
  • 560
  • 17 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Mediterranean Diet and Physical Activity for Successful Aging
Physical activity among older adults has multiple benefits but is first essential to determine the recommended activity. Physical activity may reduce inflammation and oxidative stress through multiple mechanisms, including the reduced formation of ROS and the accelerated production of DNA-repairing enzymes and antioxidant proteins; furthermore, it can moderate oxidative stress by decreasing TNF-α, C-reactive protein, and interleukin-6. There is conflicting evidence on the effect of physical activity and hormone levels, depending on the kind and length of activity, which can increase the levels of dehydroepiandrosterone and testosterone, but there is no clear evidence.
  • 553
  • 25 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Multidimensional Roles of GRK5 in Molecular Aging
Considerable evidence now suggests that GRK5 can act as a molecular 'bridging' factor, allowing signaling regulation in pathophysiological settings that can control the connectivity between both the cardiovascular and neurophysiological complications of aging. 
  • 667
  • 23 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Muscle Delivery of Mitochondria-Targeted Drugs for Sarcopenia
An impairment in mitochondrial homeostasis plays a crucial role in the process of aging and contributes to the incidence of age-related diseases, including sarcopenia, which is defined as an age-dependent loss of muscle mass and strength. Mitochondrial dysfunction exerts a negative impact on several cellular activities, including bioenergetics, metabolism, and apoptosis. In sarcopenia, mitochondria homeostasis is disrupted because of reduced oxidative phosphorylation and ATP generation, the enhanced production of reactive species, and impaired antioxidant defense.
  • 481
  • 05 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Homeostasis
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is one of the primary coenzymes in metabolic processes and is involved with numerous other pathways, such as energy expenditure, metabolic and stress adaptations, and circadian rhythm maintenance. NAD+ levels sharply decline with age, and this decline can be attributed to the activity of CD38, an enzyme responsible for the degradation of NAD+, which disrupts the NAD+ synthesis pathways during the course of aging. 
  • 372
  • 16 Feb 2023
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Oxidative Stress in Relation to Aging and Exercise
Oxidative stress is an imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants in favor of the oxidants, resulting in disruption of redox signaling and control and causing molecular damage. Oxidative stress is related to a variety of diseases, for example, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, infections, and cancer. It might be that oxidative stress, and, more specifically, reactive oxygen species (ROS), affects longevity in a subtle way through signaling. Possible therapies to reduce oxidative stress in the elderly are nutritional intervention (for example, caloric restriction (CR)) and exercise. Exercise is associated with favorable changes in the expression of antioxidant enzymes and the oxidative stress status in general. A diet with CR also seems to be a promising way to reduce oxidative stress by decreasing oxidant emission and improving antioxidant mechanisms. A better understanding of where the antioxidant mechanisms in the elderly fail could be a big step forward in developing new therapies (such as exercise or diet) that prevent oxidative damage and cellular dysfunction with age.
  • 305
  • 25 Aug 2022
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