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Topic Review
GABA Positive Allosteric Modulator (GPAM)—Brexanolone
Brexanolone is a positive allosteric modulator (PAM) of gamma amino butyric acid-type A (GABA-A) receptors and is the first FDA-approved drug to manage postpartum depression (PPD).
  • 212
  • 25 May 2023
Topic Review
Genetic Factors Related to N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptors Dysfunction
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders, although the aetiology of ADHD is not yet understood. One proposed theory for developing ADHD is N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) dysfunction. NMDARs are involved in regulating synaptic plasticity and memory function in the brain. Abnormal expression or polymorphism of some genes associated with ADHD results in NMDAR dysfunction.
  • 256
  • 23 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Growth Hormone and IGF1 Actions in Kidney
Growth hormone (GH) exerts multiple effects on different organs including the kidneys, either directly or via its main mediator, insulin-like-growth factor-1 (IGF-1).
  • 664
  • 17 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Gut Microbiome Changes in Anorexia Nervosa
Anorexia nervosa (AN) remains a challenging condition in psychiatric management and its pathogenesis is not yet fully understood. An imbalance in the gut microbiota composition may contribute to its pathophysiology. There is an imbalance in gut microbiota composition leads to reduced short-chain fatty acids, contributing to a proinflammatory state in AN, which is also common in other psychiatric comorbidities. Microbial changes may also contribute to the semistarvation state through endocrine changes and altered energy utilization.
  • 57
  • 28 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Microglia in Immunological Dysfunction in Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia is a complex psychiatric condition that may involve immune system dysregulation. Microglia are the resident brain innate immune cells that have been implicated in host defense against neurotropic pathogens, brain development, and neurodegenerative disorders.
  • 269
  • 23 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Overgeneral Autobiographical Memory
Overgeneral autobiographical memory (OGM) is an inability to retrieve specific memories from one's autobiographical memory. Instead, general memories are recalled, such as repeated events or events occurring over broad periods. For example, when asked to recall a happy event, a person who exhibits OGM may say, "when I was on vacation last month" instead of remembering a single incident, such as, "my high school graduation." Research shows a correlation between OGM and certain mental illnesses, such as major depressive disorder (MDD) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
  • 347
  • 08 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Pyrimidine Biosynthetic Enzyme CAD
CAD (Carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase 2, Aspartate transcarbamoylase, and Dihydroorotase) is a multifunctional protein that participates in the initial three speed-limiting steps of pyrimidine nucleotide synthesis. Over the past two decades, extensive investigations have been conducted to unmask CAD as a central player for the synthesis of nucleic acids, active intermediates, and cell membranes. Meanwhile, the important role of CAD in various physiopathological processes has also been emphasized.
  • 933
  • 27 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Social Isolation and Loneliness during the COVID-19
The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in a predominantly global quarantine response that has been associated with social isolation, loneliness, and anxiety. Notwithstanding the efficacy of quarantine as a tool to limit the spread of disease, it also creates social isolation. Social isolation is an objective state in which an individual is alone, and is a sufficient, but not necessary, condition to produce the subjective feeling of loneliness. More specifically, some individuals may be socially isolated but experience this as a natural and healthy state in normal conditions; however, the prolongation of social isolation, particularly in unnatural conditions (e.g., in response to a global pandemic) can become a hazardous state to individual health. Loneliness is a similar yet distinct case: it is a subjective state in which a person feels that their social connections are inadequate (even though they may have a substantial social network). Both of these concepts relate to social connections and the maintenance of a healthy support network. The health implications of social isolation and loneliness during quarantine have a heterogenous and comorbid nature and, as a result, form a link to anxiety.
  • 424
  • 28 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Status of Oxidative Stress in Alcohol Dependence
Alcohol-induced oxidative stress (OS) plays a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of alcohol dependence (AD). The opposite trends in the level of SOD and GPx activities in serum/plasma and erythrocytes of male patients could be used as the biomarker of alcohol-induced OS injury, and the synergistic changes of MDA, vitamin B12, albumin, bilirubin, and homocysteine levels should also be considered.
  • 326
  • 25 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Structural Diversity of Secondary Metabolites from Marine-Derived Bacillus
The marine is a highly complex ecosystem including various microorganisms. Bacillus species is a predominant microbialflora widely distributed in marine ecosystems. Bacillus species can grow rapidly and tolerate extremely adverse environmental conditions such as extreme ambient temperature, salinity and pH, high pressure and nutrient deficiency. B. subtilis can adopt several responses when faced with the depletion of essential nutrients, including motility, secretion of extracellular enzymes, genetic transformation, antibiotic production, and finally sporulation. The genus Bacillus is a prolific producer of bioactive metabolites, including more than 350 kinds of rod-shaped and Gram-positive bacteria. 
  • 334
  • 08 Oct 2022
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