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All Topic Review Biography
Topic Review
Socially Assistive Robots
Socially assistive robots (SARs) have been used to help to mitigate the effects of the pandemic on older adults, including loneliness and isolation, and to alleviate the workload of both formal and informal caregivers. We identify the specific applications of SARs during the pandemic to help the older population and their caregivers. The robots all have multimodal communication abilities, and were able to perform multiple functions, including: (1) health monitoring (routinely checking vital signs and alerting healthcare professionals of any abnormalities), (2) screening of visitors (checking for masks and measuring temperature upon entering facilities), (3) social facilitation (enabling video communication between residents and families or healthcare staff), (4) activity facilitation (singing, dancing), (5) providing information and reminders for tasks (weather and food menu, scheduled activities), and (6) cognitive and physical training activities (memory games, exercises). Physical characteristics of the robots are outlined, including: height, presence of touchscreen tablet, facial recognition, natural language processing.
  • 904
  • 28 Sep 2021
Topic Review
YOLO-Based Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Technology
YOLO-based unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) technology is proposed in the context of interdisciplinary or multi-disciplinary collaborative research, by the cross-fertilization of You Only Look Once (YOLO) target detection algorithms and UAV technology. In this YOLO-based UAV technology, the UAV can provide more application scenarios for the YOLO algorithm, while the YOLO algorithm can assist the UAV with more novel tasks. The two can complement each other to further facilitate people's daily lives while contributing to the productivity of their respective industries.
  • 708
  • 06 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Point Set Registration
In computer vision, pattern recognition, and robotics, point set registration, also known as point cloud registration or scan matching, is the process of finding a spatial transformation (e.g., scaling, rotation and translation) that aligns two point clouds. The purpose of finding such a transformation includes merging multiple data sets into a globally consistent model (or coordinate frame), and mapping a new measurement to a known data set to identify features or to estimate its pose. Raw 3D point cloud data are typically obtained from Lidars and RGB-D cameras. 3D point clouds can also be generated from computer vision algorithms such as triangulation, bundle adjustment, and more recently, monocular image depth estimation using deep learning. For 2D point set registration used in image processing and feature-based image registration, a point set may be 2D pixel coordinates obtained by feature extraction from an image, for example corner detection. Point cloud registration has extensive applications in autonomous driving, motion estimation and 3D reconstruction, object detection and pose estimation, robotic manipulation, simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM), panorama stitching, virtual and augmented reality, and medical imaging. As a special case, registration of two point sets that only differ by a 3D rotation (i.e., there is no scaling and translation), is called the Wahba Problem and also related to the orthogonal procrustes problem.
  • 702
  • 19 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Soft Exoskeletons
The present entry is oriented to the studies of the last decade and covers the upper and lower joints, specifically the shoulder, elbow, wrist, hand, hip, knee, and ankle. Its functionality, applicability, and main characteristics are exposed, such as degrees of freedom, force, actuators, power transmission methods, control systems, and sensors. 
  • 692
  • 10 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Robotic Platform for Horticulture
The modern level of development of infocommunication and computer technologies, microprocessor technology and equipment, communication and positioning makes possible the development and practical application of automated and robotic technologies and technical means to improve the efficiency of agricultural production. Currently, intensive horticulture is becoming increasingly widespread due to rapid fruiting and high yield rates. At the same time, the process of harvesting apples in intensive horticulture is the most time-consuming, and harvesting is carried out mainly by a team of pickers. In the production process of cultivating fruit crops, this is an important final stage which requires the development of automated devices and robotic platforms with a control system capable of offline harvesting.
  • 678
  • 02 Dec 2022
Topic Review
AR for Human–Robot Collaboration/Cooperation in Industrial Applications
Augmented reality (AR): overlays virtual objects on the real-world environment and also provides the ability to interact with that environment. AR is any case in which an otherwise real environment is “augmented” by means of virtual (computer graphic) objects. With the continuously growing usage of collaborative robots in industry, the need for achieving a seamless human–robot interaction has also increased, considering that it is a key factor towards reaching a more flexible, effective, and efficient production line. As a prominent and prospective tool to support the human operator to understand and interact with robots, Augmented Reality (AR) has been employed in numerous human–robot collaborative and cooperative industrial applications. 
  • 660
  • 12 Apr 2022
Topic Review
3D Printed Nonlinear Musculoskeletal Actuator
A nature-inspired musculoskeletal-actuator system is developed using 3d printing for robotic applications. The actuator resembles the rigid segments and the soft-rigid interaction architecture found in limbless vertebrates such as snakes. The rigid segments provide an increase in the range of motion while maintaining structural durability and stability. The soft-rigid interactions provided a remarkable increase in energy transmission and storage, which enhanced the reliability of the musculoskeletal-actuator. Additionally, passive structural stiffness and damping control are achieved. Similar to a muscular system, our musculoskeletal-actuator is capable of increasing its stiffness and damping up to 100% and 60%, respectively, upon load lifting.
  • 615
  • 28 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Shear Energy on Harvesting Tools
Smart and precise agriculture has increasingly been developed in the last decade, and with that, the idea of optimizing the tools commonly used in this field for harvesting tasks. One way to improve these devices, particularly cutting tools conceived for harvesting purposes, is to measure the shear energy consumption required for a particular plant. The proposed methodology aims to establish both a design criterion for cutting grippers and a quantifiable way to evaluate and classify a harvesting tool for a specific crop.
  • 612
  • 29 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Underwater Soft Robotics
Underwater exploration, much like space exploration, has been at the frontier of science and engineering ventures. Some of the early robotic systems sent by humans to explore marine life are known as remotely operated vehicles (ROVs).  ROVs are underwater robots, manually operated by a pilot, using tethered communication. Soft robots made from compliant materials can achieve shrinking and bending motion that allow them to navigate within narrow areas. The ability of soft robots to deform, change their shapes, exhibit infinite degrees of freedom, and perform complex motion, makes them a suitable candidate for the basis of biological emulation, especially that of underwater creatures, which are one of the sources of biomimetic inspiration for robotic and engineering systems.
  • 581
  • 09 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Human-Robot Interaction
As in human–human interaction, several modalities can be used at once in human-robot interaction in social contexts. Vision, eye gaze, verbal dialogue, touch, and gestures are examples of modalities that can be used herein. In a social context, the intelligence that a robot display depends on the modalities it uses and each modality can have specific importance and effect on the human side of the interaction which translates into the degree of trust that the robot has. Moreover, the acceptance of robots in social interaction depends on their ability to express emotions and they require a proper design of emotional expressions to improve their likability and believability as multimodal interaction can enhance the engagement
  • 560
  • 04 Aug 2022
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