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Topic Review
Water Nutrient Management in Soilless Plant Cultivation
Under-cover soilless cultivation is an important technique of crop production. Due to the lack of contact with soil and precipitation, the root system of crops grown must be provided with water and all necessary nutrients in the form of a solution (nutrient medium). This nutrient medium needs to be fed in excess to ensure proper plant development and the expected qualitative and quantitative parameters of the crop yield, which means that in the case of, e.g., tomato cultivation, 20–80% of the supplied medium must be removed from the root system and managed. Uncontrolled discharge of this drainage water poses a significant threat to the environment, causing contamination of surface waters and groundwaters. 
  • 382
  • 05 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Using Product Design Strategies to Implement Circular Economy
The design strategies referred to industrial design, e.g., user-centered design and timeless design were preferred by professional designers. The design strategies related to routine design, i.e., materials substitution, reducing resources and energy consumption, and structural optimization, were indistinctly used by both students and professional designers.
  • 375
  • 19 Apr 2022
Topic Review
UAVs and Mobile Devices for Pasture Management
The quantification of forage availability in tropical grasses is generally done in a destructive and time-consuming manner, involving cutting, weighing, and waiting for drying. To expedite this process, non-destructive methods can be used, such as unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) equipped with high-definition cameras, mobile device images, and the use of the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI).
  • 375
  • 13 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Detection of Seed Vigor Based on Optical Methods
Optics is an ancient science, with the advancement of laser technology, optical engineering, and information technology, optical detection technology has gained a resurgence. The theoretical basis for the application of modern optical methods to the detection of seed vigor is that light irradiation on the surface of seeds will produce reflection, scattering, and transmission phenomena, accompanied by changes in parameters such as frequency, phase, and polarization state. In different vigor stages, the contents and content of nucleic acid, starch, enzyme, and protein inside the seed have a predictable change, and the reflected, scattered, and transmitted light information generated by the interaction with the light field can inform the internal composition and quality of the seed. Existing optical detection methods for seed vitality mainly include machine vision detection, near-infrared spectroscopy, hyperspectral detection, Raman spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, and seed exhalation gas spectroscopy.
  • 371
  • 04 May 2023
Topic Review
Microwave for Soil Sterilization and Pest Control
For the agricultural sector to develop sustainably in the future, progress toward more environmentally friendly technologies and methods is crucial. It is necessary to increase output while reducing the demand for energy, agrochemicals, and water resources. Although greenhouses can be utilized successfully for this purpose, significant technical advancements are required, especially when it comes to heating, to lower the use of fossil fuels and boost energy efficiency. Microwaves can warm plants without heating the entire greenhouse volume, which takes a significant amount of energy to compensate for heat loss in the outdoor environment.
  • 369
  • 18 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Mechanized Blossom Thinning in Orchards
Orchard thinning can avoid biennial bearing and improve fruit quality, which is a necessary agronomic section in orchard management. The existing methods of artificial fruit thinning and chemical spraying are no longer suitable for the development of modern agriculture. With the continuous acceleration of the construction process of modern orchards, blossom thinning mechanization has become an inevitable trend in the development of the orchard flower and fruit management.
  • 357
  • 21 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Remote Sensing Techniques in Precision Agriculture
As the global population continues to increase, there will be a growing demand for food production and agricultural resources. Transition toward Agriculture 4.0 is expected to enhance agricultural productivity through the integration of advanced technologies, increase resource efficiency, ensure long-term food security by applying more sustainable farming practices, and enhance resilience and climate change adaptation. By integrating technologies such as ground IoT sensing and remote sensing, via both satellite and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), and exploiting data fusion and data analytics, farming can make the transition to a more efficient, productive, and sustainable paradigm. 
  • 355
  • 04 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Precision Livestock Farming Applications for Grazing Animals
Precision Livestock Farming refers to the real-time continuous monitoring and control systems using sensors and computer algorithms for early problem detection, while simultaneously increasing producer awareness concerning individual animal needs. These technologies include automatic weighing systems, Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) sensors for individual animal detection and behaviour monitoring, body temperature monitoring, geographic information systems (GIS) for pasture evaluation and optimization, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for herd management, and virtual fencing for herd and grazing management.
  • 344
  • 28 Apr 2023
Topic Review
AI in Improving the Sustainability of Agricultural Crops
The rapid growth of the world’s population has put significant pressure on agriculture to meet the increasing demand for food. In this context, agriculture faces multiple challenges, one of which is weed management. While herbicides have traditionally been used to control weed growth, their excessive and random use can lead to environmental pollution and herbicide resistance. To address these challenges, in the agricultural industry, deep learning models have become a possible tool for decision-making by using massive amounts of information collected from smart farm sensors.
  • 332
  • 26 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Extraction of Anthocyanins by High-Hydrostatic-Pressure and Ultra-High-Pressure-Homogenization
The use of high-pressure technologies is a hot topic in food science because of the potential for a gentle process in which spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms can be eliminated; these technologies also have effects on the extraction, preservation, and modification of some constituents. Anthocyanins can be rapidly extracted from skins using High Hydrostatic Pressure (HHP) and cell fragments using Ultra-High Pressure Homogenization (UHPH), releasing them and facilitating their diffusion into the liquid quickly. High Hydrostatic Pressure (HHP) and Ultra-High Pressure Homogenization (UHPH) techniques are gentle and protective of sensitive molecules such as phenols, terpenes, and vitamins. Both techniques are non-thermal technologies with mild temperatures and residence times.
  • 331
  • 09 Oct 2023
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