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Topic Review
Technological Development of Electric Vehicles and Autonomous Vehicles
Electric vehicles (EVs) are a transport mode that uses an electric motor. That is, EVs are all types of cars that can be powered partly or fully by electricity. The first autonomous vehicles (AVs) concept was introduced by the Detroit-based American carmaker General Motors (Detroit, MI, USA) in 1939. The initial phase of research and development was jointly initiated by General Motors and the Radio Corporation of America Sarnoff Laboratory (New York, NY, USA) in the 1950s.
  • 140
  • 15 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Mobility as a Service Concept and Applications
Mobility as a Service (MaaS) is an innovative mobility service that aims to redesign the future of urban mobility by integrating multi-modal transportation and app-based technologies to enable seamless urban mobility.
  • 233
  • 02 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Rail Surface Defect Detection
As an important component of the railway system, the surface damage that occurs on the rails due to daily operations can pose significant safety hazards. With the rapid development of artificial intelligence technology, deep-learning-based algorithms, specifically supervised learning-based defect detection algorithms, are being widely applied in rail surface defect detection.
  • 158
  • 23 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Origin-Destination Estimation
The origin–destination matrix (OD matrix) reflects the expected movement intensity of road users, where each element is the number of trips between the two traffic analysis zones (TAZs). It can represent the traffic demand over different time scales, from hours to years, corresponding to the dynamic and static OD inference problem, respectively. In the short term, it can be applied both as the initial input to the simulator and to boost the precision of short-term traffic flow forecasts. In the long term, the OD matrix provides the details on the average daily mobility needs of city’s inhabitants and can help assess the urban layout’s rationality and plan future infrastructure development.
  • 173
  • 23 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) Fuel Cells
Fuel cell electric vehicles represent a possible solution to meet the objectives of the energy transition currently underway, which sees the replacement of combustion vehicles with low environmental impact vehicles. For this reason, this market is expected to markedly grow in the coming years. 
  • 159
  • 19 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Lane Detection
Lane detection is a vital component of intelligent driving systems, offering indispensable functionality to keep the vehicle within its designated lane, thereby reducing the risk of lane departure.
  • 239
  • 19 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Vehicle and Powertrain Efficiency of Long-Haul Commercial Vehicles
On-road transportation of freight is central to modern economic activity. However, current on-road freight vehicles emit significant amounts of greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs), on the order of 7% of global anthropogenic emissions, along with significant amounts of local and regional air pollutants. Mitigating CO2 emissions from long-haul commercial trucking is a major challenge that must be addressed to achieve substantial reductions in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the transportation sector. Extensive recent research and development programs have shown how significant near-term reductions in GHGs from commercial vehicles can be achieved by combining technological advances. 
  • 201
  • 16 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Human-Likeness of Artificial Driver Models
Several applications of artificially modeled drivers, such as autonomous vehicles (AVs) or surrounding traffic in driving simulations, aim to provide not only functional but also human-like behavior. The development of human-like AVs is expected to improve the interaction between AVs and humans in traffic, whereas, in a driving simulation, the objective is to create realistic replicas of real driving scenarios to investigate various research questions under safe and reproducible conditions. There is no unique definition of human-likeness thus various related research areas such as psychology or computer science provide different approaches to quantify, define, or evaluate behavior.
  • 135
  • 28 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Drive Cycles for Electrochemical Propulsion
Automotive drive cycles have existed since the 1960s. They started as requirements as being solely used for emissions testing. During the past decade, they became popular with scientists and researchers in the testing of electrochemical vehicles and power devices. They help simulate realistic driving scenarios anywhere from system to component-level design. 
  • 196
  • 22 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Robot Environment Perception for Navigation
Robot external and internal environment sensing by extraction of raw sensor data and their interpretation is the basic principle of robot perception. In the modular or end-to-end robot navigation approach, sensors play a critical role in capturing the environment or internal robot attributes for robot perception. A sensor modality represents a sensor that inputs a particular form of energy and processes the signal using similar methods. Modalities include raw input types for sensors like sound, pressure, light (infrared, visible), or magnetic fields. Robot perception sensor modalities commonly include cameras (infrared, RGB or depth), LiDAR, radar, sonar, GNSS, IMU, and odometry sensors.
  • 349
  • 18 Sep 2023
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