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Topic Review
Thin-Film Magnetoelastic Materials Based Devices
Thin-film magnetoelastic materials, which couple the magnetization and strain together, have recently attracted ever-increasing attention due to their key roles in magnetoelectric applications. This review starts with the fabrication and characterization techniques in the field of magnetoelastic materials and introduces various kinds of devices utilizing ME effect.
  • 2.4K
  • 04 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Thin Films of Sn Perovskites
Compared to Pb-based perovskites solar cells (PSCs), tin-based perovskite solar cells (TPSCs) exhibit a much lower power conversion energy (PCE), mainly due to the poor film quality, correlated degradation, and detrimental effects. Perovskite films are often fabricated from solutions due to ease of fabrication. In order to create a high-performance tin-based PSC, it is imperative to form dense, compact, well-crystalline perovskite films. Many ways have been proposed to resolve the instabilities of tin-based perovskites. The first step to enhance the stability of the device is to gain a deeper understanding of the degradation mechanisms. Earlier, the researchers briefly pointed out the effects of moisture, oxygen, illumination, ion migration, and chemical reactions which are the most common causes of degradation in perovskite halides.
  • 260
  • 20 Apr 2023
Topic Review
The PRESAGE Radiochromic Polymer Dosimeter
Advances in radiotherapy technology and techniques have allowed a highly conformal radiation to be delivered to the tumor target inside the body for cancer treatment. A three-dimensional (3D) dosimetry system is required to verify the accuracy of the complex treatment delivery. A 3D dosimeter based on the radiochromic response of a polymer towards ionising radiation has been introduced as the PRESAGE dosimeter. The polyurethane dosimeter matrix is combined with a leuco-dye and a free radical initiator, whose colour changes in proportion to the radiation dose. PRESAGE overcomes the limitations of its predecessors, the Fricke gel and the polymer gel dosimeters, which are challenging to fabricate and read out, sensitive to oxygen, and sensitive to diffusion. The formulation of PRESAGE shows a delicate balance between the number of radical initiators, metal compounds, and catalysts to achieve stability, optimal sensitivity, and water equivalency. 
  • 743
  • 22 Jul 2022
Topic Review
The Physics of Flows in a Curved Channel
Microchannels with curved geometries have been employed for many applications in microfluidic devices in the past decades. The Dean vortices generated in such geometries have been manipulated using different methods to enhance the performance of devices in applications such as mixing, droplet sorting, and particle/cell separation. Understanding the effect of the manipulation method on the Dean vortices in different geometries can provide crucial information to be employed in designing high-efficiency microfluidic devices.
  • 242
  • 25 Dec 2023
Topic Review
The Early Days of Personal Solar Ultraviolet Dosimetry
In the early 1970s, environmental conservationists were becoming concerned that a reduction in the thickness of the atmospheric ozone layer would lead to increased levels of ultraviolet (UV) radiation at ground level, resulting in higher population exposure to UV and subsequent harm, especially a rise in skin cancer. At the time, no measurements had been reported on the normal levels of solar UV radiation which populations received in their usual environment, so this lack of data, coupled with increasing concerns about the impact to human health, led to the development of simple devices that monitored personal UV exposure. 
  • 362
  • 22 Dec 2021
Topic Review
The BrIdge voLcanic LIdar—BILLI
Volcanologists have demonstrated that carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes are precursors of volcanic eruptions. Controlling volcanic gases and, in particular, the CO2 flux, is technically challenging, but we can retrieve useful information from magmatic/geological process studies for the mitigation of volcanic hazards including air traffic security. Existing techniques used to probe volcanic gas fluxes have severe limitations such as the requirement of near-vent in situ measurements, which is unsafe for operators and deleterious for equipment. In order to overcome these limitations, a novel range-resolved DIAL-Lidar (Differential Absorption Light Detection and Ranging) has been developed as part of the ERC (European Research Council) Project “BRIDGE”, for sensitive, remote, and safe real-time CO2 observations.
  • 786
  • 09 Oct 2020
Topic Review
The Advanced Applications of 2D Materials in SERS
Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) as a label-free, non-contact, highly sensitive, and powerful technique has been widely applied in determining bio- and chemical molecules with fingerprint recognitions. 2-dimensional (2D) materials with layered structures, tunable optical properties, good chemical/physical stabilities, and strong charge–transfer interaction with molecules have attracted researchers’ interests. Two-D materials with a large and flat surface area, as well as good biocompatibility have been considered promising candidates in SERS and widely applied in chemical and bio-applications. It is well known that the noble metallic nanostructures with localized surface plasmon effects dominate the SERS performance. The combination of noble metallic nanostructure with 2D materials is becoming a new and attractive research domain. The SERS substrates combined with 2D materials, such as 2D graphene/metallic NPs, 2D materials@metallic core-shell structures, and metallic structure/2D materials/metallic structure are intensely studied.
  • 480
  • 25 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Terahertz Technology
The unique features of terahertz radiation in the context of industrial applications are highlighted. The most common terahertz systems and the way they have been applied in the industry are described. The main barriers from wide spread industry adoption and the outlook of terahertz technology are also discussed.
  • 927
  • 01 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Terahertz Technologies for Virus Sensing
The recent pandemic of SARS-CoV-2 virus has made evident critical issues relating to virus sensing and the need for deployable tools for adequate, rapid, effective viral recognition on a large-scale. Although many conventional molecular and immuno-based techniques are widely used for these purposes, they still have some drawbacks concerning sensitivity, safety, laboriousness, long-term collection and data analysis. Therefore, new rapidly emerging approaches have been introduced such as terahertz (THz)-based technologies. The emerging Terahertz (THz) technology is an ideal candidate for virus monitoring and detection purposes, offering various advantages which can be explored. 
  • 293
  • 20 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Technology for Science Education
The COVID-19 confinement has represented both opportunities and losses for education. Rarely before has any other period moved the human spirit into such discipline or submission—depending on one’s personal and emotional points of view. Both extremes have been widely influenced by external factors on each individual’s life path. Education in the sciences and engineering has encountered more issues than other disciplines due to specialized mathematical handwriting, experimental demonstrations, abstract complexity, and lab practices. 
  • 620
  • 22 Sep 2021
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