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Topic Review
Taxonomic Diversity of African Cyanobacteria Using Genetic Markers
Advances in molecular biology have facilitated the use of polyphasic approaches involving chemotaxonomic, phenotypic, and genotypic data to characterize cyanobacteria. Genotypic diversity through PCR (polymerase chain reaction) amplification of target sequences, cloning, and DNA sequencing of isolated strains and field samples has been poorly described in Africa. The most commonly used genetic markers in Africa include 16S rRNA, PC-IGS, 16S-23S ITS1-L, 16S-23S ITS1-S, rpoB, rpoC1, and 16S-23S ITS. These molecular markers have been employed to understand the taxonomy and phylogeography of cyanobacteria worldwide.
  • 347
  • 23 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Microplastic Removal and Degradation Techniques
Plastics are a kind of synthetic or semisynthetic polymer that are made up of long chains of carbon atoms, and they may also have oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur atoms attached to them. The majority of plastics are produced by factories that use fossil fuels. Microplastics are small particles of fragments and microfibers of plastic that have a diameter of less than 5 mm. Because of the widespread usage of microbeads in a variety of goods as well as the fragmentation of plastics with increasing age, the quantity of microplastic released in the aquatic environment is alarming, and so effluent water needs to be treated in wastewater plants to remove the microplastics. Different biotic and abiotic approaches have been studied in different research over the years.
  • 1.9K
  • 23 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Production and Use of Typical Rubber Antioxidants
Antioxidants are prevalently used during rubber production to improve rubber performance, delay aging, and extend service life. Studies have revealed that their transformation products (TPs) could adversely affect environmental organisms and even lead to environmental events, which led to great public concern about environmental occurrence and potential impacts of rubber antioxidants and their TPs.
  • 3.0K
  • 22 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Nanoparticle Mechanisms for the Removal of Metals
Different natural and anthropogenic global events and activities such as urban settlements and industrial development have led to a build-up of numerous pollutants in the environment, creating problems for nature and human health. Metal(loid)s are defined as elements with a density of more than 4–5 g/cm3 that are toxic to humans even at low levels.
  • 725
  • 21 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Biological Remediation of Polyfluorinated Compounds
Polyfluorinated compounds (PFCs) are a class of anthropogenic emerging persistent organic pollutants that consist of a fully fluorinated hydrophobic alkyl chain attached to a hydrophilic chain end group. The PFCs’ carbon–fluorine (C-F) bond, characterized by strong polarity and strength, make them possess peculiar physicochemical properties such as hydrophobicity and resistance to degradation by heat and acid. Their environmental occurrence particularly in drinking water samples and water receiving bodies, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) being the most detected PFCs is evident that they cannot be completely eradicated by conventional wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). However, despite the PFCs' stable C-F bond, recent literature suggests that PFCs are susceptible to bioremediation by certain bacterial strain and plant species. A lot of work still needs to be done in the context of understanding the biodegradation pathway of PFOA and PFOS by both bacterial strain and plant species. 
  • 660
  • 16 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Wastewater Fecal Pollution Management
Global water scarcity has led to significant dependence on reclaimed or recycled water for potable uses. Effluents arising from human and animal gut microbiomes highly influence water quality. Wastewater pollution is, therefore, frequently monitored using bacterial indicators (BI).
  • 853
  • 16 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Driving Forces behind Climate Change
Climate change occurs through a complex set of interactive driving forces. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change sixth assessment report (AR6; https://wg1.ipcc.ch/index.php/ar6/sixth-assessment-report-ar6; Accessed on 5 November 2022), human activity is the main driving force of climate change, whereas others contend that natural factors are also main causes.
  • 1.4K
  • 06 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Mega Borg Oil Spill
The Mega Borg Oil Spill occurred in the Gulf of Mexico on June 8, 1990, roughly 50 miles off the coast of Texas , when the oil tanker Mega Borg caught on fire and exploded. The cleanup was one of the first practical uses of bioremediation.
  • 491
  • 05 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Tsunami
A tsunami (Japanese: 津波) (/(t)suːˈnɑːmi, (t)sʊˈ-/ (t)soo-NAH-mee, (t)suu- pronounced [tsɯnami]) is a series of waves in a water body caused by the displacement of a large volume of water, generally in an ocean or a large lake. Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and other underwater explosions (including detonations, landslides, glacier calvings, meteorite impacts and other disturbances) above or below water all have the potential to generate a tsunami. Unlike normal ocean waves, which are generated by wind, or tides, which are generated by the gravitational pull of the Moon and the Sun, a tsunami is generated by the displacement of water. Tsunami waves do not resemble normal undersea currents or sea waves because their wavelength is far longer. Rather than appearing as a breaking wave, a tsunami may instead initially resemble a rapidly rising tide. For this reason, it is often referred to as a tidal wave, although this usage is not favoured by the scientific community because it might give the false impression of a causal relationship between tides and tsunamis. Tsunamis generally consist of a series of waves, with periods ranging from minutes to hours, arriving in a so-called "wave train". Wave heights of tens of metres can be generated by large events. Although the impact of tsunamis is limited to coastal areas, their destructive power can be enormous, and they can affect entire ocean basins. The 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami was among the deadliest natural disasters in human history, with at least 230,000 people killed or missing in 14 countries bordering the Indian Ocean. The Ancient Greece historian Thucydides suggested in his 5th century BC History of the Peloponnesian War that tsunamis were related to submarine earthquakes, but the understanding of tsunamis remained slim until the 20th century and much remains unknown. Major areas of current research include determining why some large earthquakes do not generate tsunamis while other smaller ones do; accurately forecasting the passage of tsunamis across the oceans; and forecasting how tsunami waves interact with shorelines.
  • 2.1K
  • 02 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Freshet
thumb|An example of usage of the term "freshet" is shown in the text on a historic marker at Durgin Bridge near Sandwich, New Hampshire. The term freshet is most commonly used to describe a spring thaw resulting from snow and ice melt in rivers located in upper North America. A spring freshet can sometimes last several weeks on large river systems, resulting in significant inundation of flood plains as the snowpack melts in the river's watershed. Freshets can occur with differing strength and duration depending upon the depth of the snowpack and the local average rates of warming temperatures. Deeper snowpacks which melt quickly can result in more severe flooding. Late spring melts allow for faster flooding; this is because the relatively longer days and higher solar angle allow for average melting temperatures to be reached quickly, causing snow to melt rapidly. Snowpacks at higher altitudes and in mountainous areas remain cold and tend to melt over a longer period of time and thus do not contribute to major flooding. Serious flooding from southern freshets are more often related to rain storms of large tropical weather systems rolling in from the South Atlantic or Gulf of Mexico, to add their powerful heating capacity to lesser snow packs. Tropically induced rainfall influenced quick melts can also affect snow cover to latitudes as far north as southern Canada, so long as the generally colder air mass is not blocking northward movement of low pressure systems. In the eastern part of the continent, annual freshets occur from the Canada Taiga ranging along both sides of the Great Lakes then down through the heavily forested Appalachian mountain chain and St. Lawrence valley from Northern Maine and New Brunswick into barrier ranges in North Carolina and Tennessee . In the western part of the continent, freshets occur throughout the generally much higher elevations of the various west coast mountain ranges that extend southward down from Alaska even into the northern parts of Arizona and New Mexico.
  • 638
  • 30 Nov 2022
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