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Topic Review
Stimuli-Responsive Zinc (II) Coordination Polymers
The unique role of the zinc (II) cation prompted us to cut a cross-section of the large and complex topic of the stimuli-responsive coordination polymers (CPs). Due to its flexible coordination environment and geometries, easiness of coordination–decoordination equilibria, “optically innocent” ability to “clip” the ligands in emissive architectures, non-toxicity and sustainability, the zinc (II) cation is a good candidate for building supramolecular smart tools. 
  • 651
  • 08 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Electrospinning of Nanofibrous Membrane
Among the different fabrication approaches of nanofibrous membrane, electrospinning is considered as the most favorable and effective due to its advantages of controllable process, high production efficiency, and low cost.
  • 461
  • 01 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Elongational Flow
Elongational flow is a particular kind of flow involved in many industrially relevant processing operations of thermoplastics (such as fiber spinning, film blowing, foaming and thermoforming) in which the velocity gradient develops in the same direction as the flow itself.
  • 2.6K
  • 26 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Polymer Electrolyte Membranes Fuel Cell
The development of sulfonated hydrocarbon polymer (SHP)-based polymer electrolyte membranes (PEMs) has been pursued in order to overcome drawbacks of the perfluorosulfonic acid ionomer-based PEMs in fuel cell applications. To improve the proton conductivity of SHP-based PEMs without deterioration in physicochemical stability, control of polymeric architecture is necessary to form distinct phase-separated structures between the hydrophilic and hydrophobic domains. By pursuing rational design strategies for the copolymer architectures, it will be possible to develop high-performance SHP-based PEMs in fuel cell applications. This study focused on the synthetic procedures which underlie structure-engineered copolymers and their PEM properties.
  • 802
  • 22 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Electroactive Polymers
Electroactive polymers (EAPs) are a versatile class of electrically deformable polymers. These polymers have the ability to deform when excited by electrical potentials due to their inherent electro-mechanical properties. The piezoelectric couplings in EAPs provide them with unique capabilities that are of significant interest in actuators and soft robotics.
  • 3.1K
  • 12 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Evaluation of PIL Graft Conjugates
In vitro cytotoxicity of polymer-carriers, which in the side chains contain the cholinum ionic liquid units with chloride (Cl) or pharmaceutical anions dedicated for antituberculosis therapy, i.e., p-aminosalicylate (PAS) and clavulanate (CLV), was investigated. The carriers and drug conjugates were examined against human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) and adenocarcinomic human alveolar basal epithelial cells (A549) as an experimental model cancer cell line possibly coexisting in tuberculosis. The cytotoxicity was evaluated by MTT test and confluency index, as well as by the cytometric analyses, including Annexin-V FITC apoptosis assay. The polymer systems showed supporting activity towards the normal cells and no tumor progress, especially at the highest concentration (100 μg/mL). The analysis of cell death did not show meaningful changes in the case of the BEAS-2B, whereas in the A549 cell line, the cytostatic activity was observed, especially for the drug-free carriers, causing death in up to 80% of cells. This can be regulated by the polymer structure, including the content of cationic units, side-chain length and density, as well as the type and content of pharmaceutical anions. The results of MTT tests, confluency, as well as cytometric analyses, distinguished the polymer systems with Cl/PAS/CLV containing 26% of grafting degree and 43% of ionic units or 46% of grafting degree and 18% of ionic units as the optimal systems.
  • 464
  • 11 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Organ-on-Chip
Organ-on-chip (OOC) devices are in vitro miniaturized multicellular systems with defined architectures that represent the new frontier in biomedical research to produce micro-organoids and tissues for drug testing and regenerative medicine. Although OOC devices can potentially improve the prediction capability of preclinical studies in comparison to in vitro tests and animal models, the successful transition from conventional 2D cell culture to human OOC implies the development of microfluidically supported 3D architectures to mimic the native extracellular matrix (ECM), to induce cell-ECM and multicellular interactions, as well as to modulate many cell functions including polarity, morphology, and motility. In this regard, cell-laden microgels (CLMs) represent a promising tool for 3D cell culturing and on-chip generation of micro-organs. 
  • 414
  • 08 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Ultra-Heat Treatment on Milk Proteins
Milk contains approximately 3.5% by weight protein, which is a highly complex system. This milk protein is usually divided into two main fractions based on their solubility nature. Casein proteins are about 75% to 80% of the total protein in the milk and precipitate at pH 4.6 at 20 °C, while 20% of the protein remains in the serum.
  • 2.6K
  • 07 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Crosslinking Density in Imprinting Polymerization
The crosslinking density of a material determines its physical properties, such as the porosity of the material. In imprinting polymerizations, the porosity determines access to internal binding sites and thus the capacity of the imprinted material. This entry is about effect of the commonly used crosslinking density in imprinting polymerization for a variety of applications.
  • 411
  • 30 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Carrageenan-Based Hard Capsules: Review
Carrageenan is used as a gelling agent in products, such as frozen foods, jellies and yogurt. Commercially, carrageenan has been produced in six different types based on their structures. Among the six polymers, κ-carrageenan is the most produced due to its high gelling ability caused by the C4 conformation on the 3,6-anhydro-D-galactopyranosyl that forms a helix-like structure. The formation of the helix structure is supported by the enormous number of –OH groups that form many hydrogen bonds.
  • 676
  • 28 Sep 2021
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