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Topic Review
List of Unnumbered Minor Planets: 2002 T–Y
This is a partial list of unnumbered minor planets for principal designations assigned between 1 October 2002 and 31 December 2002 (T–Y).
  • 326
  • 10 Nov 2022
Topic Review
List of Unnumbered Minor Planets: 2003 A–R
This is a partial list of unnumbered minor planets for principal designations assigned between 1 January 2003 and 15 September 2003 (A–R).
  • 229
  • 28 Nov 2022
Topic Review
List of Unnumbered Minor Planets: 2003 S–T
This is a partial list of unnumbered minor planets for principal designations assigned between 16 September 2003 and 15 October 2003 (S–T).
  • 385
  • 10 Oct 2022
Topic Review
List of Unnumbered Minor Planets: 2003 U–Y
This is a partial list of unnumbered minor planets for principal designations assigned between 16 October 2003 and 31 December 2003 (U–Y).
  • 281
  • 24 Nov 2022
Topic Review
List of Unnumbered Minor Planets: 2004 A–Q
This is a partial list of unnumbered minor planets for principal designations assigned between 1 January 2004 and 31 August 2004 (A–Q).
  • 216
  • 24 Nov 2022
Topic Review
List of Unnumbered Minor Planets: 2004 R–S
This is a partial list of unnumbered minor planets for principal designations assigned between 1 September 2004 and 31 September 2004 (R–S).
  • 194
  • 10 Oct 2022
Topic Review
List of Unnumbered Minor Planets: 2004 T–Y
This is a partial list of unnumbered minor planets for principal designations assigned between 1 October 2004 and 31 December 2004 (T–Y).
  • 222
  • 26 Oct 2022
Topic Review
List of Volcanic Features on Io
This is a list of named volcanic surface features on Jupiter's moon Io. These names have been approved for use by the International Astronomical Union. The features listed below represent a subset of the total known volcanic features on Io's surface with the majority currently not having an officially approved name. The names of volcanic features on Io use a combination of a name derived from mythological figures from around the world related to the Sun, fire, volcanoes, thunder, or smithing, places from the Greek mythological story of Io, Dante's Inferno, or from the name of a nearby feature on Io's surface and an approved descriptive term. The descriptive term used is based on the type of feature named and how it was first discovered. Volcanoes that were first observed as an active feature from observations of a volcanic plume fit under the category of "Eruptive Center" and do not use a descriptive term, though portions of these features may have also received names that do use a descriptive term, like Prometheus Patera or Masubi Fluctus. Lava flows use the descriptive term fluctus or the plural fluctūs, e.g. Acala Fluctus. Volcanic depressions use the term patera or the plural paterae, e.g. Ah Peku Patera. The term has also become the generic term for referring to these structures. Small shield volcanoes use the term tholus or the plural tholi, e.g. Inachus Tholus. Finally, channels carved by volcanic lava flows through thermal erosion use the term vallis or the plural valles. See also the list of mountains on Io and the list of regions on Io.
  • 625
  • 02 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Lithium-Ion Battery Fire Suppression
Lithium-ion Batteries (LiBs) hazards, techniques for mitigating risks, the suppression of LiB fires and identification of shortcomings for future improvement were thoroughly reviewed. Water is identified as an efficient cooling and suppressing agent and water mist is considered the most promising technique to extinguish LiBs fire. 
  • 5.0K
  • 29 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Locating an Electron with an Ideal Microscope
A photon (from grc φῶς, φωτός (Script error: No such module "Ancient Greek".) 'light') is an elementary particle that is a quantum of the electromagnetic field, including electromagnetic radiation such as light and radio waves, and the force carrier for the electromagnetic force. Photons are massless,[lower-alpha 1] so they always move at the speed of light in vacuum, 299792458 m/s (or about 186,282 mi/s). The photon belongs to the class of bosons. Like all elementary particles, photons are currently best explained by quantum mechanics, and exhibit wave–particle duality, their behavior featuring properties of both waves and particles. The modern photon concept originated during the first two decades of the 20th century with the work of Albert Einstein, who built upon the research of Max Planck. While trying to explain how matter and electromagnetic radiation could be in thermal equilibrium with one another, Planck proposed that the energy stored within a material object should be regarded as composed of an integer number of discrete, equal-sized parts. To explain the photoelectric effect, Einstein introduced the idea that light itself is made of discrete units of energy. In 1926, Gilbert N. Lewis popularized the term photon for these energy units. Subsequently, many other experiments validated Einstein's approach. In the Standard Model of particle physics, photons and other elementary particles are described as a necessary consequence of physical laws having a certain symmetry at every point in spacetime. The intrinsic properties of particles, such as charge, mass, and spin, are determined by gauge symmetry. The photon concept has led to momentous advances in experimental and theoretical physics, including lasers, Bose–Einstein condensation, quantum field theory, and the probabilistic interpretation of quantum mechanics. It has been applied to photochemistry, high-resolution microscopy, and measurements of molecular distances. Moreover, photons have been studied as elements of quantum computers, and for applications in optical imaging and optical communication such as quantum cryptography.
  • 448
  • 09 Nov 2022
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