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1. Kragh, Helge (2000-12-01). "Max Planck: the reluctant revolutionary". Physics World 13 (12): 31–36. doi:10.1088/2058-7058/13/12/34.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1088%2F2058-7058%2F13%2F12%2F34
2. Einstein, A. (1905). "Über einen die Erzeugung und Verwandlung des Lichtes betreffenden heuristischen Gesichtspunkt" (in de). Annalen der Physik 17 (6): 132–148. doi:10.1002/andp.19053220607. Bibcode: 1905AnP...322..132E. http://www.physik.uni-augsburg.de/annalen/history/einstein-papers/1905_17_132-148.pdf. . An English translation is available from Wikisource.
3. Although the 1967 Elsevier translation of Planck's Nobel Lecture interprets Planck's Lichtquant as "photon", the more literal 1922 translation by Hans Thacher Clarke and Ludwik Silberstein Planck, Max (1922). The Origin and Development of the Quantum Theory. Clarendon Press. https://archive.org/details/origindevelopmen00planrich.  uses "light-quantum". No evidence is known that Planck himself had used the term "photon" as of 1926 (see also).
4. "December 18, 1926: Gilbert Lewis coins "photon" in letter to Nature" (in en). https://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/201212/physicshistory.cfm. 
5. Lewis, G.N. (18 December 1926). "The conservation of photons". Nature 118 (2981): 874–875. doi:10.1038/118874a0. Bibcode: 1926Natur.118..874L.  see also "Discordances entre l'expérience et la théorie électromagnétique du rayonnement". written at Bruxelles, BE. Cinquième Conseil de Physique. l'Institut International de Physique Solvay (host institution). Paris, FR: Gauthier-Villars et Cie. 24–29 October 1927 (published 1928). pp. 55–85.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F118874a0
6. Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.
7. Asimov[12] credits Arthur Compton with defining quanta of energy as photons in 1923.[12]
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11. Andrew Liddle (2015). An Introduction to Modern Cosmology. John Wiley & Sons. p. 16. ISBN 978-1-118-69025-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=6n64CAAAQBAJ&pg=PA16. 
12. SantoPietro, David. "Photon Energy". Khan Academy. https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/quantum-physics/photons/v/photon-energy. 
13. The mass of the photon is believed to be exactly zero. Some sources also refer to the relativistic mass, which is just the energy rescaled to units of mass. For a photon with wavelength λ or energy E, this pseudo-mass “ᵯ” is given by ᵯ = h/ λc , or ᵯ = E / c² . This use of the term “mass” is now considered exotic, and no longer common in scientific literature.[18]
14. Frisch, David H.; Thorndike, Alan M. (1964). Elementary Particles. Princeton, NJ: David Van Nostrand. p. 22. 
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17. The possible spin states of a spin J = 1 boson are +1, 0, and −1. Spins +1 and −1 are the distinct circularly polarized states. Also, it can be introduced 'zero' spin: the spin state = 0 case can be interpreted as a linearly polarized wave, with no circular polarization, or equivalently as a superposition of two +1 and −1 circular states. See Photon polarization.
18. "Role as gauge boson and polarization" §5.1 in Aitchison, I.J.R.; Hey, A.J.G. (1993). Gauge Theories in Particle Physics. IOP Publishing. ISBN 978-0-85274-328-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=ZJ-ZY8NW9TIC. 
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20. Halliday, David; Resnick, Robert; Walker, Jerl (2005). Fundamental of Physics (7th ed.). John Wiley and Sons, Inc.. ISBN 978-0-471-23231-5. https://archive.org/details/isbn_0471216437. 
21. See section 1.6 in Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.
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25. However, it is possible if the system interacts with a third particle or field for the annihilation to produce one photon, since the third particle or field can absorb momentum equal and opposite to the single photon, providing dynamic balance. An example is when a positron annihilates with a bound atomic electron; in that case, it is possible for only one photon to be emitted, as the nuclear Coulomb field breaks translational symmetry.
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35. Amsler, C; Doser, M; Antonelli, M; Asner, D; Babu, K; Baer, H; Band, H; Barnett, R et al. (2008). "Review of Particle Physics⁎". Physics Letters B 667 (1–5): 1. doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2008.07.018. Bibcode: 2008PhLB..667....1A. http://scipp.ucsc.edu/%7Ehaber/pubs/Review_of_Particle_Physics_2014.pdf.  Summary Table
36. Adelberger, Eric; Dvali, Gia; Gruzinov, Andrei (2007). "Photon-Mass Bound Destroyed by Vortices". Physical Review Letters 98 (1): 010402. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.98.010402. PMID 17358459. Bibcode: 2007PhRvL..98a0402A.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.98.010402
37. Descartes, R. (1637) (in fr). Discours de la méthode (Discourse on Method). Imprimerie de Ian Maire. ISBN 978-0-268-00870-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=difXAAAAMAAJ. 
38. Hooke, R. (1667). Micrographia: or some physiological descriptions of minute bodies made by magnifying glasses with observations and inquiries thereupon .... London, UK: Royal Society of London. ISBN 978-0-486-49564-4. http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/HistSciTech.HookeMicro. 
39. Huygens, C. (1678) (in fr). Traité de la lumière. . An English translation is available from Project Gutenberg https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/14725
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41. Buchwald, J.Z. (1989). The Rise of the Wave Theory of Light: Optical theory and experiment in the early nineteenth century. 43. University of Chicago Press. 78–80. doi:10.1063/1.2810533. ISBN 978-0-226-07886-1. OCLC 18069573. Bibcode: 1990PhT....43d..78B. https://books.google.com/books?id=EbDw1lV_MKsC. 
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45. The phrase "no matter how intense" refers to intensities below approximately 1013 W/cm2 at which point perturbation theory begins to break down. In contrast, in the intense regime, which for visible light is above approximately 10Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1. W/cm2, the classical wave description correctly predicts the energy acquired by electrons, called ponderomotive energy.[48] By comparison, sunlight is only about 0.1 W/cm2.
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57. These experiments produce results that cannot be explained by any classical theory of light, since they involve anticorrelations that result from the quantum measurement process. In 1974, the first such experiment was carried out by Clauser, who reported a violation of a classical Cauchy–Schwarz inequality. In 1977, Kimble et al. demonstrated an analogous anti-bunching effect of photons interacting with a beam splitter; this approach was simplified and sources of error eliminated in the photon-anticorrelation experiment of Grangier, Roger, & Aspect (1986);[60] This work is reviewed and simplified further in Thorn, Neel, et al. (2004).[61]
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60. The issue was first formulated by Theodore Duddell Newton and Eugene Wigner.[64][65][66] The challenges arise from the fundamental nature of the Lorentz group, which describes the symmetries of spacetime in special relativity. Unlike the generators of Galilean transformations, the generators of Lorentz boosts do not commute, and so simultaneously assigning low uncertainties to all coordinates of a relativistic particle's position becomes problematic.[67]
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74. Section 1.4 in Wilson, J.; Hawkes, F.J.B. (1987). Lasers: Principles and Applications. New York: Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-523705-2. 
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104. E.g. sections 9.1 (gravitational contribution of photons) and 10.5 (influence of gravity on light) in Stephani, H.; Stewart, J. (1990). General Relativity: An Introduction to the Theory of Gravitational Field. Cambridge University Press. pp. 86 ff, 108 ff. ISBN 978-0-521-37941-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=V04_vLQvstcC&pg=PA86. 
105. Polaritons section 10.10.1, Raman and Brillouin scattering section 10.11.3 in Patterson, J.D.; Bailey, B.C. (2007). Solid-State Physics: Introduction to the Theory. Springer. ISBN 978-3-540-24115-7. 
106. Naeye, R. (1998). Through the Eyes of Hubble: Birth, Life and Violent Death of Stars. CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-7503-0484-9. OCLC 40180195. https://books.google.com/books?id=06_9B7S_q_YC&pg=PA16. 
107. Koupelis, Theo; Kuhn, Karl F. (2007). In Quest of the Universe. Jones and Bartlett Canada. p. 102. ISBN 9780763743871. https://books.google.com/books?id=6rTttN4ZdyoC&pg=PA102. 
108. E.g. section 11-5 C in Pine, S.H.; Hendrickson, J.B.; Cram, D.J.; Hammond, G.S. (1980). Organic Chemistry (4th ed.). McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-050115-7. 
109. Nobel lecture given by G. Wald on December 12, 1967, online at nobelprize.org: The Molecular Basis of Visual Excitation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1967/wald-lecture.html
110. Photomultiplier section 1.1.10, CCDs section 1.1.8, Geiger counters section 1.3.2.1 in Kitchin, C.R. (2008). Astrophysical Techniques. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-4200-8243-2. 
111. Waymouth, John (1971). Electric Discharge Lamps. Cambridge, MA: The M.I.T. Press. ISBN 978-0-262-23048-3. https://archive.org/details/electricdischarg00waym. 
112. Denk, W.; Svoboda, K. (1997). "Photon upmanship: Why multiphoton imaging is more than a gimmick". Neuron 18 (3): 351–357. doi:10.1016/S0896-6273(00)81237-4. PMID 9115730.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0896-6273%2800%2981237-4
113. Lakowicz, J.R. (2006). Principles of Fluorescence Spectroscopy. Springer. pp. 529 ff. ISBN 978-0-387-31278-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=-PSybuLNxcAC&pg=PA529. 
114. Jennewein, T.; Achleitner, U.; Weihs, G.; Weinfurter, H.; Zeilinger, A. (2000). "A fast and compact quantum random number generator". Review of Scientific Instruments 71 (4): 1675–1680. doi:10.1063/1.1150518. Bibcode: 2000RScI...71.1675J.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1063%2F1.1150518
115. Stefanov, A.; Gisin, N.; Guinnard, O.; Guinnard, L.; Zbiden, H. (2000). "Optical quantum random number generator". Journal of Modern Optics 47 (4): 595–598. doi:10.1080/095003400147908.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F095003400147908
116. Introductory-level material on the various sub-fields of quantum optics can be found in Fox, M. (2006). Quantum Optics: An introduction. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-856673-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=Q-4dIthPuL4C. 
117. Hignett, Katherine (16 February 2018). "Physics creates new form of light that could drive the quantum computing revolution". Newsweek. http://www.newsweek.com/photons-light-physics-808862. 
118. Liang, Qi-Yu (16 February 2018). "Observation of three-photon bound states in a quantum nonlinear medium". Science 359 (6377): 783–786. doi:10.1126/science.aao7293. PMID 29449489. Bibcode: 2018Sci...359..783L.  http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=6467536