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Topic Review
Proximal Sensing
Proximal sensing techniques denote several non-invasive technologies in which the target objects—in the present context, cultural heritage manufacts—are placed within a short distance of the sensor, detector or camera lens collecting the data. Depending on the technology employed and the study purpose, the sensors/detectors work in different portions of the electromagnetic spectrum, from X-ray to ultraviolet (UV), from visible (VIS) to infrared (IR) and, further, from microwave to radio.
  • 660
  • 02 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Lower-Energy Irradiation Effects on MgO-Based Magnetic Tunnel Junctions
Electromagnetic waves with wavelengths longer than gamma rays are commonly known as lower-energy waves, such as X-rays, ultraviolet radiation (UV), visible light, infrared radiation, microwaves, and radio waves. These electromagnetic waves have less energy compared to gamma rays, and are generally classified as non-ionizing radiation, with the exception of X-rays.  This discussion revolves the impacts of lower-energy electromagnetic waves on magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs) that comprise two ferromagnetic layers separated by a thin insulating barrier.
  • 299
  • 01 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Formation of All-Silk Composites and Time–Temperature Superposition
Extensive studies have been conducted on utilising natural fibres as reinforcement in composite production. All-polymer composites have attracted much attention because of their high strength, enhanced interfacial bonding and recyclability. Silks, as a group of natural animal fibres, possess superior properties, including biocompatibility, tunability and biodegradability. This makes them promising candidates for application as a new composite material. Understanding both the applications and fundamental behaviours of silk fibroin is essential. This can be achieved with techniques like time-temperature superposition to understand the effects of dissolution on raw silk fibres.
  • 415
  • 30 May 2023
Topic Review
Nuclear-Renewable Hybrid Energy System for Fast Charging Stations
The transportation sector is a significant source of greenhouse gas emissions. Electric vehicles (EVs) have gained popularity as a solution to reduce emissions, but the high load of charging stations poses a challenge to the power grid. Nuclear-Renewable Hybrid Energy Systems (N-RHES) present a promising alternative to support fast charging stations, reduce grid dependency, and decrease emissions. However, the intermittent problem of renewable energy sources (RESs) limits their application, and the synergies among different technologies have not been fully exploited. The researchers propose a predictive and adaptive control strategy to optimize the energy management of N-RHES for fast charging stations, considering the integration of nuclear, photovoltaics, and wind turbine energy with a hydrogen storage fuel cell system. The proposed dynamic model of a fast-charging station predicts electricity consumption behavior during charging processes, generating probabilistic forecasting of electricity consumption time-series profiling. Key performance indicators and sensitivity analyses illustrate the practicability of the suggested system, which offers a comprehensive solution to provide reliable, sustainable, and low-emission energy to fast-charging stations while reducing emissions and dependency on the power grid.
  • 405
  • 26 May 2023
Topic Review
Phthalocyanine Single-Molecule Magnets
Single-molecule magnets (SMMs) have attracted much attention due to their potential applications in molecular spintronic devices. Rare earth SMMs are considered to be the most promising for application owing to their large magnetic moment and strong magnetic anisotropy.  Phthalocyanines (Pcs) are large rings with 18π electron conjugation and have a wide range of applications in spintronics. 
  • 319
  • 26 May 2023
Topic Review
Nonlinear Integrated Photonics
The combination of integrated optics technologies with nonlinear photonics, which has led to the growth of nonlinear integrated photonics, has also opened the way to groundbreaking new devices and applications. They have been made possible by the design of guided-wave structures, which can enhance the material’s nonlinear properties, and/or by the availability of suitable materials, with high nonlinear coefficients.
  • 690
  • 25 May 2023
Topic Review
High-Gradient Ion Linacs for FLASH-RT
Synchrotrons are used for ion beam therapy, while cyclotrons are mainly used for proton therapy. Linacs were not seriously considered for ion beam therapy due to the required accelerator length and extended footprint. With the developments of high-frequency high-gradient accelerating copper structures, more compact linacs are being proposed for protons and ions. These structures should be capable of delivering FLASH beam intensities.
  • 322
  • 24 May 2023
Topic Review
Triboelectric Nanogenerators Based on 2D Materials
The development and production of nanogenerators provide a promising solution to address the energy crisis. Triboelectric nanogenerators, in particular, have attracted significant attention due to their portability, stability, high energy conversion efficiency, and compatibility with a wide range of materials. Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) have many potential applications in various fields, such as artificial intelligence (AI) and the Internet of Things (IoT). Additionally, by virtue of their remarkable physical and chemical properties, two-dimensional (2D) materials, such as graphene, transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN), MXenes, and layered double hydroxides (LDHs), have played a crucial role in the advancement of TENGs. 
  • 459
  • 23 May 2023
Topic Review
Blue Light and Eye Damage
Personal digital devices, emitting high-energy light, namely in the blue wavelength, have raised concerns about possible harmful effects on users’ eyes. Scientific research history has shown a relationship between exposure to blue light and changes in ocular structures.
  • 355
  • 18 May 2023
Topic Review
Classical Approaches at the Synchrotron Radiation Facilites
Synchrotron radiation sources are widely used in interdisciplinary research, generating an enormous amount of data while posing serious challenges to the storage, processing, and analysis capabilities of the large-scale scientific facilities worldwide.
  • 387
  • 15 May 2023
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