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Topic Review
Progress on Advanced Photocathodes for Superconducting RF Guns
The superconducting radio frequency photoinjector (SC RF gun or SRF gun) combines the principle of a photoelectron gun with the application of a superconducting (SC) accelerating cavity. The photocathode is located very close to the SC cavity or directly in contact with it. Since the first concept was proposed by H. Chaloupka in the 1988 EPAC, the SRF gun has been proved to be a successful technology producing high brightness and a high-current beam, which is required by continuous-wave (CW) free electron lasers (FELs) and energy recovery linac (ERL) facilities.
  • 459
  • 29 Aug 2022
Biography
Yuri Raizer
Yuri Raizer was born in 1927 in Kharkov, Ukraine. He graduated from the Leningrad Polytechnic Institute in 1949, and became Doctor of Sciences (Physics and Mathematics) in 1959, full professor in 1968, and Honored Scientist of the Russian Federation in 2002. He was a chief researcher at the Institute for Problems in Mechanics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, and Honored Professor of the Mosco
  • 499
  • 29 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Materials for Chemical Sensing
The ability to measure and monitor the concentration of specific chemical and/or gaseous species (i.e., “analytes”) is the main requirement in many fields, including industrial processes, medical applications, and workplace safety management. As a consequence, several kinds of sensors have been developed in the modern era according to some practical guidelines that regard the characteristics of the active (sensing) materials on which the sensor devices are based. These characteristics include the cost-effectiveness of the materials’ manufacturing, the sensitivity to analytes, the material stability, and the possibility of exploiting them for low-cost and portable devices. Consequently, many gas sensors employ well-defined transduction methods, the most popular being the oxidation (or reduction) of the analyte in an electrochemical reactor, optical techniques, and chemiresistive responses to gas adsorption. Many of the efforts devoted to improving these methods have been directed towards the use of certain classes of specific materials.
  • 606
  • 26 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Universe & Anharmonic Oscillator & Singularity Avoidance Higgs
The functioning of our universe and atomic is based on the oscillation of the particle itself and asymmetrically between matter and antimatter. This mechanism is a classical an-harmonic oscillator and uses a linear oscillation of the particle, where the energy can be represented by the graph of a potential well. In this potential well the alternation of energies ocurs between the kinetic energy and potential energy. This an-harmonic oscillation of the particle thus occurs through a gravitational oscillator (see "hole through the Earth simple harmonic motion"), followed by a singularity avoidance. Indeed the important kinetics of the particle leads to a singularity avoidance to pass over the supermassive black hole to plot the Higgs field/potential. The alternation of the particle at very high frequency generates by the principle of mass-energy equivalence in vacuum (E=mc²) a mass flux expressed by the quantum fluctuation determined by a scalar energy density. This scalar density represents for example the dark matter and the residues of the latter in the quantum vacuum. However a vectorial interpretation of the particle is possible as soon as its oscillation through the oscillator is really minimized before becoming a mass-energy equivalence flux. That represent the elements related to Einstein's Stress Energy Tensor. Here is the one of interpretation of quantum mechanics in relation to relativistic physics. 
  • 2.9K
  • 23 Aug 2022
Biography
Lorenzo Iorio
Lorenzo Iorio was born in Bari, Italy, in 1971. He received his precollege and college education there, obtaining a degree in physics from the University of Bari in 1997. In 2002, he earned the Ph.D. Degree in physics from the Department of Physics "Michelangelo Merlin", the University of Bari, where he also completed his postdoctoral studies. He is currently qualified at the Italian Minist
  • 421
  • 23 Aug 2022
Topic Review
High-Throughput Screening Methods for Radiosensitivity and Resistance
The biological impact of ionizing radiation (IR) on humans depends not only on the physical properties and absorbed dose of radiation but also on the unique susceptibility of the exposed individual. A critical target of IR is DNA, and the DNA damage response is a safeguard mechanism for maintaining genomic integrity in response to the induced cellular stress. Unrepaired DNA lesions lead to various mutations, contributing to adverse health effects.
  • 494
  • 19 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Fluorescence-Based Sensors for High-Temperature Monitoring
Fiber-optic high-temperature sensors are gradually replacing traditional electronic sensors due to their small size, resistance to electromagnetic interference, remote detection, multiplexing, and distributed measurement advantages. 
  • 629
  • 17 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Electron Elastic-Collisions with Multi-Electron Atoms and Fullerene Molecules
The Regge pole-calculated low-energy electron elastic total cross sections (TCSs) of complex heavy multi-electron systems are characterized generally by dramatically sharp resonances manifesting negative-ion formation. These TCSs yield directly the anionic binding energies (BEs), the shape resonances (SRs) and the Ramsauer–Townsend(R-T) minima. From the TCSs unambiguous and reliable ground, metastable and excited states negative-ion BEs of the formed anions during the collisions are extracted and compared with the measured and/or calculated electron affinities (EAs) of the atoms and fullerene molecules. The novelty and generality of the Regge pole approach is in the extraction of rigorous negative-ion BEs from the TCSs, without any assistance whatsoever from either experiment or any other theory. The EA provides a stringent test of theoretical calculations when their results are compared with those from reliable measurements. For ground states collisions, the Regge pole-calculated negative ion BEs correspond to the challenging to calculate theoretically EAs, yielding outstanding agreement with the standard measured EAs for Au, Pt and the highly radioactive At atoms as well as for the C60 and C70 fullerenes.
  • 403
  • 12 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Augmented Reality in K-12 Education
Augmented Reality (AR) could provide key benefits in education and create a richer user experience by increasing the motivation and engagement of the students. Initially, AR was used as a science-oriented tool, but after its acceptance by students and teachers, it evolved into a modern pedagogical tool that was adopted into the classroom to enhance the educational process. In summary, AR-based technology has become a popular topic in educational fields in the last decade as well as in educational research [26]. Taking into consideration various modern educational disciplines, technologies such as AR must be included in the learning environment in science education; otherwise, the absence of them could possibly negatively affect productivity and learning achievements [27]. However, the educational values of AR in the domain of physical science are not exclusively based on the use of AR technologies themselves. These educational values are more likely connected to how AR is designed, implemented and integrated into formal and informal learning settings [28].
  • 848
  • 11 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Thin-Film Dip-Coating Methods
Coating is the way of incorporating a thin coating of material into a substrate by deposition in either the liquid phase (solution) or the solid phase (powder or nanoparticles), dip-Coating is one of them.
  • 6.2K
  • 10 Aug 2022
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