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Topic Review
Plutoid
A plutoid or ice dwarf is a trans-Neptunian dwarf planet, i.e. a body orbiting beyond Neptune that is massive enough to be rounded in shape. The term plutoid was adopted by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) working group Committee on Small Bodies Nomenclature, but was rejected by the IAU working group Planetary System Nomenclature. The term plutoid is not widely used by astronomers, though ice dwarf is not uncommon. There are thought to be thousands of plutoids in the Solar System, although only four have been formally designated as such by the IAU. The IAU developed this category of astronomical objects as a consequence of its 2006 resolution defining the word "planet". The IAU's formal definition of "plutoid", announced 11 June 2008, is: In light of the difficulty of remotely ascertaining hydrostasis, the IAU only formally confers "dwarf planet" (and by extension, "plutoid") status to those bodies whose minimum estimated size is substantially greater than what is generally thought necessary to guarantee hydrostatic equilibrium. (As of 2009), Pluto, Eris, Haumea, and Makemake are the only objects officially recognized as plutoids, while upwards of seventy more bodies that currently lack formal recognition are thought likely to meet the definition, and can expect formal recognition at some time in the future. Alan Stern of the Southwest Research Institute believes the outer planets show signs of collisions with plutoids 1,000 to 2,000 kilometers in diameter: Uranus could have been tipped off its axis by a plutoid, and Triton, the largest moon of Neptune, is probably a captured plutoid from the Kuiper belt.
  • 916
  • 21 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Plate Heat Exchanger for Condensing Duties
Increasing energy usage efficiency requires enhanced heat energy recuperation between process streams in the industry and civic sector with waste heat utilization. The condensation of different vapours is the process encountered in many industrial applications.  Increasing the heat recuperation in this process is possible with efficient heat transfer equipment, among which a Plate Heat Exchanger (PHE) is at the leading position. PHE in processes of vapour condensation is the fast-developing type of heat transfer equipment. Their main advantages compared to traditional shell-and-tube heat exchangers are compactness, small mass and inner volume, and enhanced heat transfer. The construction of PHE can be adapted to the required conditions of specific applications as condensers. 
  • 379
  • 02 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Plasticity
In physics and materials science, plasticity, also known as plastic deformation, is the ability of a solid material to undergo permanent deformation, a non-reversible change of shape in response to applied forces. For example, a solid piece of metal being bent or pounded into a new shape displays plasticity as permanent changes occur within the material itself. In engineering, the transition from elastic behavior to plastic behavior is known as yielding. Plastic deformation is observed in most materials, particularly metals, soils, rocks, concrete, and foams. However, the physical mechanisms that cause plastic deformation can vary widely. At a crystalline scale, plasticity in metals is usually a consequence of dislocations. Such defects are relatively rare in most crystalline materials, but are numerous in some and part of their crystal structure; in such cases, plastic crystallinity can result. In brittle materials such as rock, concrete and bone, plasticity is caused predominantly by slip at microcracks. In cellular materials such as liquid foams or biological tissues, plasticity is mainly a consequence of bubble or cell rearrangements, notably T1 processes. For many ductile metals, tensile loading applied to a sample will cause it to behave in an elastic manner. Each increment of load is accompanied by a proportional increment in extension. When the load is removed, the piece returns to its original size. However, once the load exceeds a threshold – the yield strength – the extension increases more rapidly than in the elastic region; now when the load is removed, some degree of extension will remain. Elastic deformation, however, is an approximation and its quality depends on the time frame considered and loading speed. If, as indicated in the graph opposite, the deformation includes elastic deformation, it is also often referred to as "elasto-plastic deformation" or "elastic-plastic deformation". Perfect plasticity is a property of materials to undergo irreversible deformation without any increase in stresses or loads. Plastic materials that have been hardened by prior deformation, such as cold forming, may need increasingly higher stresses to deform further. Generally, plastic deformation is also dependent on the deformation speed, i.e. higher stresses usually have to be applied to increase the rate of deformation. Such materials are said to deform visco-plastically.
  • 1.7K
  • 10 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Plasmons
 We briefly review applications of surface-plasmon polariton modes, related to the design and fabrication of electro–optical circuits.
  • 8.1K
  • 30 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Plasmonics in Wireless THz Nanocommunications
Wireless data traffic has experienced an unprecedented boost in the past years, and according to data traffic forecasts, within a decade, it is expected to compete sufficiently with wired broadband infrastructure. It is therefore required the use of even higher carrier frequency bands in the THz range, via adoption of new technologies to equip future THz band wireless communication systems at the nanoscale, in order to accommodate a variety of applications, that would satisfy the ever increasing user demands of higher data rates. Certain wireless applications such as 5G and beyond communications, Network on Chip system architectures, and Nanosensor networks, will no longer satisfy their speed and latency demands with existing technologies and system architectures. Apart from conventional CMOS technology, and the already tested, still promising though, photonic technology, other technologies and materials such as plasmonics with graphene respectively, may offer a viable infrastructure solution on existing THz technology challenges. This survey paper is a thorough investigation on current and beyond state of the art plasmonic system implementation for THz communications, by providing an in-depth reference material, highlighting the fundamental aspects of plasmonic technology roles in future THz band wireless communication and THz wireless applications, that will define future demands coping with users’ needs.
  • 2.2K
  • 30 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Plasmonic Photothermal Therapy
The laser application for hyperthermia makes it possible to obtain managed thermal damage of tumor tissue. However, the small spatial selectivity of tumor tissue heating remains a problem of laser hyperthermia. The development of innovative nanoparticle-based technologies to improve the selectivity of laser heating is intensively pursued, and various types of plasmon resonance nanoparticles are used for this purpose, as follows: nanospheres nanoshells, nanorods, nanocages. Plasmonic photothermal therapy is referred to by the acronym PPT.
  • 523
  • 11 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Plasmonic Biosensors
Biosensors have globally been considered as biomedical diagnostic tools required in abundant areas including the development of diseases, detection of viruses, diagnosing ecological pollution, food monitoring, and a wide range of other diagnostic and therapeutic biomedical research. Recently, the broadly emerging and promising technique of plasmonic resonance has proven to provide label-free and highly sensitive real-time analysis when used in biosensing applications.
  • 1.4K
  • 26 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Plasma-Driven Phenomena
Plasma-driven science is defined as the artificial control of physical plasma-driven phenomena based on complex interactions between nonequilibrium open systems.
  • 208
  • 18 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Plasma-Assisted Atomic Layer Deposition in Nanofabrication
The growing need for increasingly miniaturized devices has placed high importance and demands on nanofabrication technologies with high-quality, low temperatures, and low-cost techniques. The development and advances in atomic layer deposition (ALD) processes boosted interest in their use in advanced electronic and nano/microelectromechanical systems (NEMS/MEMS) device manufacturing. In this context, non-thermal plasma (NTP) technology has been highlighted because it allowed the ALD technique to expand its process window and the fabrication of several nanomaterials at reduced temperatures, allowing thermosensitive substrates to be covered with good formability and uniformity. 
  • 525
  • 19 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Plasma-Activated Water Treatment in Agriculture
The unique properties of physical plasma and its ability to operate at atmospheric pressure make it an attractive technology for numerous scientific and industrial applications, ranging from medicine and agriculture to electronics and materials science. For example, this technology has proven to be a simple and low-cost approach for nanoparticle synthesis or an effective surface modification agent to produce superhydrophobic and superoleophilic films for oil-water separation and self-cleaning. 
  • 684
  • 23 Oct 2023
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