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Topic Review
The Andromeda Galaxy
Star formation histories of galaxies are critically important for understanding the process of galaxy formation and the structure and contents of galaxies. Star formation can and has been studied in local galaxies for which the stellar populations are resolved and in more distant galaxies for which stars are unresolved, which are instead modeled as populations. Structural components of a galaxy can be resolved at much larger distances. The structural components include those long recognized, such as bulge, disk and halo. More recently recognized structures include separation of disks into thin and thick disk components and stellar streams, as well as recognition of significant numbers of dwarf companion galaxies. Stellar streams are the most recently recognized components of galaxies, mainly using observations of the Milky Way and the Andromeda Galaxy (M31).
  • 577
  • 14 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Neurofeedback and Neuromodulation
Neurofeedback is a non-invasive therapeutic approach that has gained traction in recent years, showing promising results for various neurological and psychiatric conditions. It involves real-time monitoring of brain activity, allowing individuals to gain control over their own brainwaves and improve cognitive performance or alleviate symptoms. The use of electroencephalography (EEG), such as brain–computer interface (BCI), transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), has been instrumental in developing neurofeedback techniques.
  • 338
  • 10 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Complex flow and heat transfer characteristics in microchannels
Continuously improving heat transfer efficiency is one of the important goals in the energy field. Compact heat exchangers characterized by microscale flow and heat transfer have successfully provided solutions for this purpose. However, as the characteristic scale of the channels decreases, the flow and heat transfer characteristics may differ from those at the conventional scale. When considering the influence of scale effects and changes in special fluid properties, the flow and heat transfer process becomes more complex. The conclusions of the relevant studies have not been unified, and there are even disagreements in some aspects. Therefore, further research is needed to obtain a sufficient understanding of flow structure and heat transfer mechanisms in microchannels. There are a lot of research about microscale flow and heat transfer, focusing on the flow and heat transfer mechanisms in microchannels, which is elaborated into the following two perspectives: one is the microscale single-phase flow and heat transfer that only considers the influence of scale effects, the other is the special heat transfer phenomena brought about by the coupling of microscale flow with special fluids (fluid with phase change (pseudophase change)). The microscale flow and heat transfer mechanisms under the influence of multiple factors, including scale effects (such as rarefaction, surface roughness, axial heat conduction, and compressibility) and special fluids, are investigated, which can meet the specific needs for the design of various microscale heat exchangers.
  • 353
  • 03 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Breath Analysis for Disease Diagnosis
Early-stage disease diagnosis is of particular importance for effective patient identification as well as their treatment. Lack of patient compliance for the existing diagnostic methods, however, limits prompt diagnosis, rendering the development of non-invasive diagnostic tools mandatory. One of the most promising non-invasive diagnostic methods that has also attracted great research interest is breath analysis; the method detects gas-analytes such as exhaled volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and inorganic gases that are considered to be important biomarkers for various disease-types. The diagnostic ability of gas-pattern detection using analytical techniques and especially sensors has been widely discussed in the literature; however, the incorporation of novel nanomaterials in sensor-development has also proved to enhance sensor performance, for both selective and cross-reactive applications.
  • 897
  • 27 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Deep Learning for Photonic Inverse Design
Inspired by the fast development of deep learning, people have combined the DL techniques with inverse design. At present, DL has been developed rapidly in the field of photonic device inverse design, which can be more efficient than traditional iterative optimization methods.
  • 360
  • 26 Jul 2023
Topic Review
The Role of Probiotics in Skin Health
By regulating skin health and gut–skin axis interactions, probiotics can be used as potential management tools to suppress and improve skin diseases in multiple ways, including decreasing oxidative stress, suppressing inflammatory responses, and keeping immune effects.
  • 418
  • 24 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Single Crystal Synthesis of 11 Iron-Based Superconductors
The 11 system in the iron-based superconducting family has become one of the most extensively studied materials in the research of high-temperature superconductivity, due to their simple structure and rich physical properties. Many exotic properties, such as multiband electronic structure, electronic nematicity, topology and antiferromagnetic order, provide strong support for the theory of high-temperature superconductivity, and have been at the forefront of condensed matter physics in the past decade. One noteworthy aspect is that a high upper critical magnetic field, large critical current density and lower toxicity give the 11 system good application prospects.
  • 221
  • 21 Jul 2023
Topic Review
The Evolution of Ryugu
The asteroid 1999 JU3, which would later be named Ryugu, was classified as a Cg-type asteroid in 2001, based on its strong UV absorption feature shortward of 0.55 um and its flat to slightly reddish slope longward of 0.55 um. Cg-type asteroids are part of the C-complex of asteroids, which were suggested to be “primitive” in nature and potentially the parent bodies for carbonaceous chondrites. The linking of carbonaceous chondrites and C-complex asteroids relates to several interpretations concerning features in the near infrared spectra of C-complex asteroids. The features were interpreted as arising from secondary alteration minerals, including goethite, hematite, jarosite and phyllosilicates, that are the products of aqueous alteration and which are found in carbonaceous chondrites.
  • 189
  • 18 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) Sorption
Per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) are an environmentally persistent group of chemicals that can pose an imminent threat to human health through groundwater and surface water contamination. The primary adsorption mechanisms identified in the literature are electrostatic interactions and hydrophobic interactions.
  • 215
  • 18 Jul 2023
Topic Review
TiO2 Photocatalysis
Catalysis on TiO2 nanomaterials in the presence of H2O and oxygen plays a crucial role in the advancement of many different fields, such as clean energy technologies, catalysis, disinfection, and bioimplants. Photocatalysis on TiO2 nanomaterials is well-established and has advanced in the last decades in terms of the understanding of its underlying principles and improvement of its efficiency. 
  • 349
  • 17 Jul 2023
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