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Topic Review
Boötes
Boötes, recognized by the International Astronomical Union (IAU), is a constellation in the northern celestial hemisphere. It is known for its prominent shape resembling a kite or an ice cream cone, with its brightest star, Arcturus, marking one corner.
  • 223
  • 29 Feb 2024
Biography
Boris Stoyanov
Boris Stoyanov is a theoretical physicist working on Membrane Theory, Supergravity and Superstring Theory. He is the Principal and Permanent Member of SUGRA INSTITUTE, Executive Director of BRANE HEPLAB and the Giordano Bruno Professor of Membrane Theory at DARK MODULI INSTITUTE. Boris Stoyanov is a relatively young theoretical physicist dealing with the exclusive theories of supergravity, super
  • 1.9K
  • 01 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Boron-Doped Diamond
Boron-doped diamond (BDD) acts as an excellent p-type conductive material for high-temperature, high-power and radiation-proof photoelectronic devices with its large band gap at room temperature (5.47 eV) and high thermal conductivity.
  • 2.5K
  • 06 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Bose–Hubbard Model
The Bose–Hubbard model gives a description of the physics of interacting spinless bosons on a lattice. It is closely related to the Hubbard model which originated in solid-state physics as an approximate description of superconducting systems and the motion of electrons between the atoms of a crystalline solid. The model was first introduced by Gersch and Knollman in 1963 in the context of granular superconductors. (The term 'Bose' in its name refers to the fact that the particles in the system are bosonic.) The model rose to prominence in the 1980s after it was found to capture the essence of the superfluid-insulator transition in a way that was much more mathematically tractable than fermionic metal-insulator models. The Bose–Hubbard model can be used to describe physical systems such as bosonic atoms in an optical lattice, as well as certain magnetic insulators. Furthermore, it can also be generalized and applied to Bose–Fermi mixtures, in which case the corresponding Hamiltonian is called the Bose–Fermi–Hubbard Hamiltonian.
  • 888
  • 10 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Bow Shocks in Astrophysics
Bow shocks form the boundary between a magnetosphere and an ambient (or at least surrounding) magnetized medium. This occurs when the magnetic field of an astrophysical object interacts with the nearby flowing ambient plasma. For example, when the solar wind, flowing with a relative speed of order 400 km/s, encounters the magnetic field of Earth, a bow shape boundary forms. For Earth and other magnetized planets, it is the boundary at which the speed of the stellar wind abruptly drops as a result of its approach to the magnetopause. For stars, this boundary is typically the edge of the astrosphere, where the stellar wind meets the interstellar medium.
  • 1.6K
  • 27 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Bragg Grating External Cavity Semiconductor Lasers
External cavity semiconductor lasers (ECSLs) usually refer to the gain chip based on the introduction of external optical components (such as waveguides, gratings, prisms, etc.) to provide optical feedback. By designing the type, position and structure of external optical components, the optical properties of SLs (such as center wavelength, linewidth, tuning range, side-mode suppression ratio (SMSR), etc.) can be changed. Bragg grating external cavity semiconductor laser (BG-ECSL) is a device with a specific optical element (Bragg grating) in the external cavity. BG-ECSLs have excellent performances, such as narrow linewidth, tunability and high SMSR. They are widely used in WDM systems, coherent optical communication, gas detection, Lidar, atomic physics and other fields. 
  • 716
  • 09 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Bragg Grating Structures Based on a Semiconductor Platform
Optical waveguides (WGs), in the traditional sense, are translucent geometries with a refractive index difference that directs optical beams via total internal reflection. A Bragg grating (BG) structure is a regular WG with periodic refractive index (RI) variations running across it.
  • 456
  • 11 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Breath Analysis for Disease Diagnosis
Early-stage disease diagnosis is of particular importance for effective patient identification as well as their treatment. Lack of patient compliance for the existing diagnostic methods, however, limits prompt diagnosis, rendering the development of non-invasive diagnostic tools mandatory. One of the most promising non-invasive diagnostic methods that has also attracted great research interest is breath analysis; the method detects gas-analytes such as exhaled volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and inorganic gases that are considered to be important biomarkers for various disease-types. The diagnostic ability of gas-pattern detection using analytical techniques and especially sensors has been widely discussed in the literature; however, the incorporation of novel nanomaterials in sensor-development has also proved to enhance sensor performance, for both selective and cross-reactive applications.
  • 896
  • 27 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Bṛhaspati
Bṛhaspati (Sanskrit: बृहस्पति; meaning spati of briha, the spirit of vastness of the universe written as Brihaspati) is an Indian name, and refers to different mythical figures depending on the age of the text. In ancient Hindu literature Brihaspati is a Vedic era sage who counsels the gods, while in some medieval texts the word refers to the largest planet of the solar system, Jupiter. He taught Bhishma the duties of a king which he later taught it to Vidura.
  • 3.6K
  • 18 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Brief History of Gel Dosimetry
Advances in radiotherapy technology have significantly improved both dose conformation to tumors and the preservation of healthy tissues, achieving almost real-time feedback by means of high-precision treatments and theranostics. Therefore, developing high-performance systems capable of coping with the challenging requirements of modern ionizing radiation is a key issue to overcome the limitations of traditional dosimeters. In this regard, a deep understanding of the physicochemical basis of gel dosimetry, as one of the most promising tools for the evaluation of 3D high-spatial-resolution dose distributions, represents the starting point for developing new and innovative systems. 
  • 435
  • 02 Nov 2022
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