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Topic Review
Bryophyllum sp.
The subgenus Bryophyllum belongs to genus Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae family) and includes about 25 plant species native to Madagascar, which are widely used in traditional medicine in vast regions throughout Africa, Asia and South Africa. Different formulations from bryophyllum (this term is proposed to be the common name to collectively refer to these species) have been employed for the treatment of several ailments, including infections, gynecological disorders, and chronic diseases, such as diabetes, neurological and neoplastic diseases. Two major families of secondary metabolites have been reported as responsible for these bioactivities: phenolic compounds and bufadienolides. These compounds are found in limited amounts in plants because they are biosynthesized in response to different biotic and abiotic stresses. Therefore, novel approaches should be undertaken with the aim of achieving the phytochemical valorization of Bryophyllum sp., allowing a sustainable production that prevents from a massive exploitation of wild plant resources. This review focuses on the study of phytoconstituents reported on bryophyllum; the application of plant tissue culture methodology as a reliable tool for the valorization of bioactive compounds; and the application of machine learning technology to model and optimize the full phytochemical potential of bryophyllum. As a result, bryophyllum species can be considered as a promising source of plant bioactive compounds, with enormous antioxidant and anticancer potential, which could be used for their large-scale biotechnological exploitation in cosmetic, food, and pharmaceutical industries.
  • 3.1K
  • 05 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Non-Enzymatic Antioxidants
Oxidative stress has long been considered one of the pathophysiological mechanisms involved in numerous diseases, which has led to the investigation of the antioxidant systems as a promising therapy more than two decades ago. A useful antioxidant must meet specific characteristics; it must be capable of interacting with biologically relevant oxidants and free radicals; its reaction by-products should be harmless; and finally, it must reach a sufficiently high concentration in the tissue and cell compartments to ensure its activity is quantitatively relevant.
  • 3.1K
  • 24 May 2022
Topic Review
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors
Vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) are primary regulators of blood and lymphatic vessels. Hemangiogenic VEGFs (VEGF-A, PlGF, and VEGF-B) target mostly blood vessels, while the lymphangiogenic VEGFs (VEGF-C and VEGF-D) target mostly lymphatic vessels. Blocking VEGF-A is used today to treat several types of cancer (“antiangiogenic therapy”). However, in other diseases, it would be beneficial to do the opposite, namely to increase the activity of VEGFs. For example, VEGF-A could generate new blood vessels to protect from heart disease, and VEGF-C could generate new lymphatics to counteract lymphedema. Clinical trials that tried to stimulate blood vessel growth in ischemic diseases have been disappointing so far, and the first clinical trials targeting the lymphatic vasculature have progressed to phase II. Antiangiogenic drugs targeting VEGF-A such as bevacizumab or aflibercept neutralize the growth factor directly. However, since VEGF-C and VEGF-D are produced as inactive precursors, novel drugs against the lymphangiogenic VEGFs could also target the enzymatic activation of VEGF-C and VEGF-D. Because of the delicate balance between too much and too little vascular growth, a detailed understanding of the activation of the VEGF-C and VEGF-D is needed before such concepts can be converted into safe and efficacious therapies.
  • 3.1K
  • 30 Mar 2021
Biography
James Gosling
James Arthur Gosling, OC (born May 19, 1955) is a Canadian computer scientist, best known as the founder and lead designer behind the Java programming language.[1] James Gosling received a Bachelor of Science from the University of Calgary [2] and his M.A. and Ph.D. from Carnegie Mellon University, all in computer science.[3][4][5] He wrote a version of Emacs called Gosling Emacs (Gosmacs) wh
  • 3.1K
  • 24 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Effector-Triggered Immunity in Plants
Plants rely on multiple immune systems to protect themselves from pathogens. When pattern-triggered immunity (PTI)—the first layer of the immune response—is no longer effective as a result of pathogenic effectors, effector-triggered immunity (ETI) often provides resistance. In ETI, host plants directly or indirectly perceive pathogen effectors via resistance proteins and launch a more robust and rapid defense response. Resistance proteins are typically found in the form of nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich-repeat-containing receptors (NLRs). Upon effector recognition, an NLR undergoes structural change and associates with other NLRs. The dimerization or oligomerization of NLRs signals to downstream components, activates “helper” NLRs, and culminates in the ETI response. Originally, PTI was thought to contribute little to ETI. However, most recent studies revealed crosstalk and cooperation between ETI and PTI.
  • 3.1K
  • 31 May 2021
Topic Review
Biostimulants
Biostimulants represent a promising type of environment-friendly formulation based on natural products that are frequently used exogenously to enhance abiotic stress tolerance. There is no specific definition of biostimulants yet, despite their regulatory functions in plant growth and development. Biostimulants originate from natural sources and can be effectively categorized into the following four prime groups, namely, acids, microbes, plant-derived bioactive substances, and others.
  • 3.0K
  • 08 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Effects of Chemical Fertilizer Combined with Organic Fertilizer
Chemical fertilizer has been excessively used for high yield of citrus around the world, especially in China; meanwhile, it deteriorates the citrus orchard soil environment. To resolve the conflict, the use of organic fertilizer provides a promising solution. This entry is to evaluate the effect of organic fertilizer on citrus yield, growth, soil properties etc. when nutrients of fertilizer of each treatment were equal except CK. 
  • 3.0K
  • 22 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Apitherapy
Apitherapy is a complementary and alternative medicine approach, which involves the therapeutic use of various bee products including apilarnil (atomized drone larva) to prevent and treat various diseases.
  • 3.0K
  • 06 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Salinity Stress in Plants
Plant growth and development is adversely affected by different kind of stresses. One of the major abiotic stresses, salinity, causes complex changes in plants by influencing the interactions of genes. 
  • 3.0K
  • 05 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Nanotyrannus
Nanotyrannus ("dwarf tyrant") is a likely invalid genus of tyrannosaurid dinosaur. It is known from only a single certain specimen, CMNH 7541, that was originally proposed to be a distinct genus based on a handful of cranial and postcranial features. It has since been suggested to be juvenile of the contemporary species Tyrannosaurus rex, based on a lack of mature specimens and the proposed diagnostic traits being variable within the species, a conclusion that is not universally accepted.
  • 3.0K
  • 07 Nov 2022
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