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Topic Review
Plant Microbial Fuel Cells
PubMed (NCBI) has pointed to an exponential growth of publications on the subject of a “biofuel cell” in the first decade of our century, and this interest persisted throughout the following years. It should be noted that biofuel elements based on microorganisms (microbial fuel cells, MFCs) are a promising technology to produce bioelectricity since they simultaneously solve the problems of contamination with anthropogenic organic waste, which can be used by microorganisms as a source of carbon and energy.
  • 353
  • 27 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Essential Oils in Meat Preservation
Consumers are looking for safer and more natural food options that are produced through natural methods without using synthetic preservatives. They also desire extended shelf life for their food products. Several medicinal and aromatic plants species combine food, spice, aromatic, and medicinal recognized attributes. The essential oils from these plants contain a unique mixture of compounds specific to each plant, showing notable antioxidant and antimicrobial properties.
  • 149
  • 27 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Development and Growth of Intramuscular Fat in Cattle
Besides protein, beef contains a significant amount of fat. Intramuscular fat (IMF), also referred to as marbling fat, is the white fat deposited within skeletal muscle tissue. The content of intramuscular fat in the skeletal muscle, particularly the longissimus dorsi muscle, of cattle is a critical determinant of beef quality and value. Physiologically, IMF is believed to have similar functions to other fat depots in cattle, serving as an energy reserve and providing fuel during times of increased metabolic demand or inadequate nutrient supply. As food, IMF substantially enhances the texture and flavor of the meat and the overall satisfaction of consumers.
  • 188
  • 27 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Cell Envelope Synthesis Enzymes
Life-threatening systemic fungal infections occur in immunocompromised patients at an alarming rate. Current antifungal therapies face challenges like drug resistance and patient toxicity, emphasizing the need for new treatments. Membrane-bound enzymes account for a large proportion of antifungal targets, especially ones that contribute to cell wall and cell membrane biosynthesis. Moreover, structural biology has led to a better understanding of the mechanisms by which these enzymes synthesize their products, as well as the mechanism of action for some antifungals. 
  • 193
  • 27 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Amino Acid Metabolism in SARS-CoV2-Infected Patients
The immune response to infectious diseases is directly influenced by metabolic activities. COVID-19 is a disease that affects the entire body and can significantly impact cellular metabolism. The most significant groups of metabolites include amino acids, which act as precursors for various major cellular components, such as proteins and nucleobases. Among the amino acids that make up proteins, nine cannot be synthesized from other compounds and must be obtained from food; these are also essential amino acids. The human body can use amino acids ingested from food to synthesize proteins and other biomolecules, but they can also be oxidized to urea and carbon dioxide to produce energy through oxidative pathways. Their involvement in synthesizing proteins and metabolic regulators makes them an excellent marker for diseases. Their chemical properties and compositions not only affect the structure and function of proteins, but also control the metabolic pathways associated with illness. Furthermore, amino acids ensure the immune response against diseases by being used in the activation of T and B lymphocytes, natural killer cells, and macrophages; in the cellular redox status, gene expression, and lymphocyte proliferation; and in the production of antibodies, cytokines, lymphokines, and cytotoxic substances.
  • 138
  • 27 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Benefits of Organic Farming
Organic farming, which is deeply rooted in traditional agricultural practices, has witnessed a profound evolution over the last century. Transitioning from a grassroots initiative resisting the industrialization of agriculture to a global industry, organic farming now plays a pivotal role in addressing contemporary challenges related to environmental health, sustainability, and food safety. 
  • 394
  • 27 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Impact of Climate Change on Soil N2O Emission
Microbial-driven processes, including nitrification and denitrification closely related to soil nitrous oxide (N2O) production, are orchestrated by a network of enzymes and genes such as amoA genes from ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and archaea (AOA), narG (nitrate reductase), nirS and nirK (nitrite reductase), and nosZ (N2O reductase). However, how climatic factors could influence these genes and processes and, consequently, soil N2O emissions remain unclear. 
  • 360
  • 26 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Hibernation on the Gut Microbes of Mammalian Animals
Hibernating mammals confront seasonal and harsh environmental shifts, prompting a cycle of pre-hibernation feeding and subsequent winter fasting. These adaptive practices induce diverse physiological adjustments within the animal’s body. With the gut microbiota’s metabolic activity being heavily reliant on the host’s diet, this cycle’s primary impact is on this microbial community. When the structure and composition of the gut microbiota changes, corresponding alterations in the interactions occur between these microorganisms and their host. These successive adaptations significantly contribute to the host’s capacity to sustain relatively stable metabolic and immune functions in severe environmental conditions. 
  • 117
  • 26 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Protein Tertiary Structure Prediction
The prediction of three-dimensional (3D) protein structure from amino acid sequences has stood as a significant challenge in computational and structural bioinformatics for decades. The widespread integration of artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms has substantially expedited advancements in protein structure prediction, yielding numerous significant milestones. In particular, the end-to-end deep learning method AlphaFold2 has facilitated the rise of structure prediction performance to new heights, regularly competitive with experimental structures in the 14th Critical Assessment of Protein Structure Prediction (CASP14). 
  • 210
  • 26 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Sources of Reactive Oxygen Species
Oxidative stress, characterized by an imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the cellular anti-oxidant defense mechanisms, plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of various human diseases. ROS are either produced through cellular processes or environmental factors. Of note, oxidative stress has been described as a secondary effect within the pathology of several rare monogenic diseases and sometimes been called a common denominator. 
  • 263
  • 26 Feb 2024
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