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Topic Review
Wearable Devices to Characterize Animal Behavior
The information that can be deduced from animal behaviors is diverse. Unlike in the past, these behaviors can now be monitored for extended periods of time, thanks to the many advanced tools and sensors. The changes in behavioral patterns can provide many indications and clues about various aspects of the animals’ needs and status.
  • 264
  • 01 Feb 2024
Topic Review
WDR45 Gene
WD repeat domain 45.
  • 392
  • 24 Dec 2020
Topic Review
WDR35 Gene
WD repeat domain 35.
  • 376
  • 24 Dec 2020
Topic Review
WDR19 Gene
WD repeat domain 19.
  • 307
  • 24 Dec 2020
Topic Review
WD40 Repeat
The WD40 repeat (also known as the WD or beta-transducin repeat) is a short structural motif of approximately 40 amino acids, often terminating in a tryptophan-aspartic acid (W-D) dipeptide. Tandem copies of these repeats typically fold together to form a type of circular solenoid protein domain called the WD40 domain.
  • 469
  • 23 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Ways of Production of Bioactives and Their Impact
Plants are an inexhaustible source of bioactive compounds that have been used by men since ancient times as folk medicines and as preservatives of food. Medicinal plants have always been of interest to scientific research and to the chemical and pharmaceutical industries because of their multiple applications for their antioxidant, antibacterial, stimulative, and inhibitory properties.
  • 554
  • 06 May 2022
Topic Review
Ways of Light Energy Utilization in C4 Photosynthesis
Most C4 plants that naturally occur in tropical or subtropical climates, in high light environments, had to evolve a series of adaptations of photosynthesis that allowed them to grow under these conditions. Some mechanisms that function under changing light conditions, particularly in high light intensity, are universal and are also found in C3 plants. However, some are modified in C4 plants to provide more efficient CO2 assimilation. The close relationship between the light phase of photosynthesis and the enzymatic reactions in chloroplasts, and the associated demand for ATP and NADPH, results that in C4 plants the linear and cyclic electron transport operate in a different ratio in the chloroplasts of mesophyll (M) and bundle sheath (BS) cells. In addition, differences in the intensity of light reaching M and BS chloroplasts and in the thylakoid structure (granal and agranal) will affect the processes of the redistribution of excitation energy between photosystems and the dissipation of its excess. Therefore, it can be assumed that, in the M chloroplasts, because of increased incoming light energy, the mechanisms related to the dissipation of excess energy must function better than in BS chloroplasts to prevent photosystems from photoinhibition and, in consequence, from a decrease in ATP and NADPH. On the other hand, BS chloroplasts, which receive less light energy, must have better functioning mechanisms that allow for its efficient use.
  • 799
  • 06 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Waterlogging Impacts on Crop Growth
Waterlogging has the greatest impact on photosynthesis, followed by phenology and leaf expansion, suggesting a need for improved equations linking waterlogging to carbon assimilation. In agricultural fields, soil waterlogging can occur for many reasons. These may include excessive rainfall or irrigation, poor soil drainage, rising or perched water tables, as well as lateral surface or subsurface flows. This may lead to reduced oxygen within soil pores, causing reduced growth and, sometimes, crop death. 
  • 1.5K
  • 06 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Waterlogged Archaeological Wood
Due to long-term burial in the ground or water, the plant cell walls of some wooden cultural relics were degraded by microorganisms, the structure of cell wall was loose and filled with water. The moisture content of these wooden cultural relics is much higher than that of normal wood.
  • 648
  • 21 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Water, Land as Shared Resources
Although agriculture and aquaculture depend on access to increasingly scarce, shared water resources to produce food for human consumption, they are most often considered in isolation. We argue that they should be treated as integrated components of a single complex system that is prone to direct or indirect tradeoffs that should be avoided while also being amenable to synergies that should be sought. Direct tradeoffs such as competition for space or the pollution of shared water resources usually occur when the footprints of agriculture and aquaculture overlap or when the two practices coexist in close proximity to one another. Interactions can be modulated by factors such as hydropower infrastructure and short-term economic incentives, both of which are known to disrupt the balance between aquaculture and agriculture. Indirect tradeoffs, on the other hand, play out across distances, i.e., when agricultural food sources are diverted to feed animals in aquaculture. Synergies are associated with the culture of aquatic organisms in rice paddies and irrigation waters, seasonal rotations of crop cultivation with aquaculture, and various forms of integrated agriculture–aquaculture (IAA), including jitang, a highly developed variant of pond-dike IAA. Policy decisions, socioeconomic considerations, and technology warrant increased scrutiny as determinants of tradeoffs and synergies. Priority issues for the future include guiding the expansion of aquaculture from its traditional base in Asia, taking advantage of the heterogeneity that exists within both agricultural and aquaculture systems, the development of additional metrics of tradeoffs and synergies, and adapting to the effects of climate change.
  • 806
  • 20 Oct 2020
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