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Topic Review
Mechanism of NETosis
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are net-like structures released from neutrophils. NETs predominantly contain cell-free deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) decorated with histones and neutrophil granule proteins. Numerous extrinsic and intrinsic stimuli can induce the formation of NETs such as pathogens, cytokines, immune complexes, microcrystals, antibodies, and other physiological stimuli. The mechanism of NETosis induction can either be ROS-dependent or independent based on the catalase producing activity of the pathogen. NADPH is the source of ROS production, which in turn depends on the upregulation of Ca2+ production in the cytoplasm. ROS-independent induction of NETosis is regulated through toll-like receptors (TLRs). Besides capturing and eliminating pathogens, NETs also aggravate the inflammatory response and thus act as a double-edged sword.
  • 361
  • 18 May 2023
Topic Review
Up-Frameshift Protein 1 in Human Disorders
Up-frameshift protein 1 (UPF1) plays the role of a vital controller for transcripts, ready to react in the event of an incorrect translation mechanism. It is well known as one of the key elements involved in mRNA decay pathways and participates in transcript and protein quality control in several different aspects. Firstly, UPF1 specifically degrades premature termination codon (PTC)-containing products in a nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD)-coupled manner. Additionally, UPF1 can potentially act as an E3 ligase and degrade target proteins independently from mRNA decay pathways. Thus, UPF1 protects cells against the accumulation of misfolded polypeptides. However, this multitasking protein may still hide many of its functions and abilities.
  • 384
  • 18 May 2023
Topic Review
Plant-Derived Nanoparticles for Prostate Cancer Therapy
Plants have demonstrated potential in providing various types of phytomedicines with chemopreventive properties that can combat prostate cancer. However, despite their promising in vitro activity, the incorporation of these phytochemicals into the market as anticancer agents has been hindered by their poor bioavailability, mainly due to their inadequate aqueous solubility, chemical instability, and unsatisfactory circulation time. To overcome these drawbacks, it has been suggested that the incorporation of phytochemicals as nanoparticles can offer a solution. The use of plant-based chemicals can also improve the biocompatibility of the formulated nanoparticles by avoiding the use of certain hazardous chemicals in the synthesis, leading to decreased toxicity in vivo. Moreover, in some cases, phytochemicals can act as targeting agents to tumour sites. 
  • 387
  • 18 May 2023
Topic Review
Application of Bioactive Compounds in the Food Industry
The fruit production and processing sectors produce tremendous amounts of by-products and waste that cause significant economic losses and an undesirable impact on the environment. The effective utilization of these fruit wastes can help to reduce the carbon footprint and greenhouse gas emissions, thereby achieving sustainable development goals. These by-products contain a variety of bioactive compounds, such as dietary fiber, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, antioxidants, polysaccharides, and several other health-promoting nutrients and phytochemicals. These bioactive compounds can be extracted and used as value-added products in different industrial applications. The bioactive components extracted can be used in developing nutraceutical products, functional foods, or food additives.
  • 1.2K
  • 18 May 2023
Topic Review
Male Germ Cell Telomeres and Chemical Pollutants
Telomerase activity in male germ cells ensures that the telomere length is maintained at maximum levels during spermatogenesis, despite telomere shortening due to DNA replication or other genotoxic factors such as environmental pollutants. An emerging body of evidence has associated an exposure to pollutants with male infertility. Although telomeric DNA may be one of the important targets of environmental pollutants, only a few authors have considered it as a conventional parameter for sperm function.
  • 280
  • 18 May 2023
Topic Review
Anaplasma Species in Africa
Anaplasma species, belonging to the family Anaplasmataceae in the order Rickettsiales, are obligate intracellular bacteria responsible for various tick-borne diseases of veterinary and human significance worldwide. With advancements in molecular techniques, seven formal species of Anaplasma and numerous unclassified species have been described. In Africa, several Anaplasma species and strains have been identified in different animals and tick species
  • 398
  • 18 May 2023
Topic Review
PGC-1α and Mitochondria
Mitochondria play a major role in ROS production and defense during their life cycle. The transcriptional activator PGC-1α is a key player in the homeostasis of energy metabolism and is therefore closely linked to mitochondrial function. PGC-1α responds to environmental and intracellular conditions and is regulated by SIRT1/3, TFAM, and AMPK, which are also important regulators of mitochondrial biogenesis and function.
  • 551
  • 18 May 2023
Topic Review
Hydroxytyrosol and Arginine
Phytochemicals from plant extracts are becoming increasingly popular in the world of food science and technology because they have positive effects on human health. In particular, several bioactive foods and dietary supplements are being investigated as potential treatments for chronic COVID. Hydroxytyrosol (HXT) is a natural antioxidant, found in olive oil, with antioxidant anti-inflammatory properties that has been consumed by humans for centuries without reported adverse effects.
  • 340
  • 18 May 2023
Topic Review
Mitochondrial Dynamics in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)  is a metabolic disorder that impairs insulin signaling. Mitochondrial dysfunction causes various diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, metabolic disorders, and cancer. Mitochondria are dynamic and adjust their functions to match cellular conditions through processes collectively known as mitochondrial dynamics, which determine mitochondrial health and vitality. Dysregulated mitochondrial dynamics play essential roles in the pathophysiology of insulin resistance, obesity, and T2DM, including imbalanced dynamics in T2DM.
  • 397
  • 18 May 2023
Topic Review
Physiological Mental Workload Indicators
Mental workload (MWL), sometimes referred to as cognitive workload, is a dynamic concept that acquires different meanings depending on the outcome desired.  Physiological indicators of MWL have gained an immense amount of attention in several domains, considering their objective nature. The response of the human body to external sources of workloads can be effectively observed through physiological signal markers that are not heavily affected by subjective opinions. Overall, it can be considered an indirect measure that can be related to MWL and has a relatively quicker response to sudden shifts. Physiological processes that include heart activity, respiration, digestion, and sexual arousal are involuntarily regulated by the peripheral component of the autonomic nervous system. The autonomic nervous system has three distinct divisions, namely, the sympathetic (SNS), parasympathetic (PNS), and enteric. The activation of the SNS and PNS can be directly observed in HR and HRV variations. Some commonly used SNS- and PNS-related physiological indicators are heart rate (HR), heartrate variability (HRV), respiratory rate (RR), galvanic skin response (GSR), and electrodermal activity (EDA). Eye-related data such as pupil size are also a result of autonomic activity and have been an important component of MWL research, as visual and mental tasks are highly correlated. Previous research has suggested that an increase in the cognitive demand or an increase in the MWL can result in increased blood flow in the frontal cortex of the brain.
  • 411
  • 18 May 2023
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