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Topic Review
Antioxidant Materials in Oral and Maxillofacial Tissue Regeneration
Oral and maxillofacial tissue defects caused by trauma, tumor reactions, congenital anomalies, ischemic diseases, infectious diseases, surgical resection, and odontogenic cysts present a formidable challenge for reconstruction. Antioxidants are materials that preserve cells from the damage caused by free radicals. They can control the harm of oxidative stress directly through the reaction with free radicals or indirectly through inhibition of the activity of free radical-producing enzymes or improvement of the activity of intracellular antioxidant enzymes. In addition to the inhibitory impact of antioxidant materials on reactive oxygen species (ROS) products, their osteogenic/odontogenic differentiation effects are of great interest in dental and facial tissue regeneration.
  • 364
  • 23 May 2023
Topic Review
Biotests in Cyanobacterial Toxicity Assessment
Cyanobacterial toxins, also known as cyanotoxins, represent a significant hazard to human, animal, and environmental well-being. This research aims to present a comprehensive overview of the challenges associated with detecting and characterizing cyanotoxins through the utilization of various biotests. By exploring the utility of alternative aquatic model organisms and in vitro tests employing cultured cells, the importance of adopting a multi-level approach when investigating cyanotoxicity was highlioghted. 
  • 279
  • 23 May 2023
Topic Review
Antigenicity of the Brucella Cell Wall
The members of Brucella spp. as Gram-negative bacteria are characterized by their sandwich-structured cell envelopes composed of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-covered bacterial outer membrane and the inner cytoplasmic cell membrane with a thin peptidoglycan layer between them in the periplasmic space.
  • 539
  • 23 May 2023
Topic Review
Proteolysis-Targeting Chimeras
The ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS) is an essential part of the cellular machinery responsible for maintaining intracellular protein homeostasis. A network of proteins that comprises the proteolytic system and chaperones calculates cellular protein homeostasis. Chaperones are in charge of correcting protein misfolding, but the proteolytic system, which converges on the 26S proteasome, is in charge of removing damaged or unfolded proteins to maintain a healthy environment inside the cell. Using proteolysis-targeting chimera (PROTAC) technology for targeted protein degradation, a novel technique of treatment is emerging that stems from an aberrant expression of a protein that causes disease. PROTAC molecules are tiny, bifunctional molecules that bind an E3-ubiquitin ligase and a target protein at the same time, causing ubiquitination and proteasome destruction of the target protein.
  • 567
  • 22 May 2023
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Chytrids in Soil Environments: Unique Adaptations and Distributions
Chytridiomycota (zoosporic true fungi) have a consistent presence in soils and have been frequently identified within many diverse terrestrial environments. However, Chytridiomycota and other early-diverging fungi have low representation in whole-genome sequencing databases compared to Dikarya. New molecular techniques have provided insights into the diversity and abundance of chytrids in soils and the changes in their populations both spatially and temporally. Chytrids complete their life cycle within rapidly changing soil environments where they may be more common within micropores due to protection from predation, desiccation, and extreme temperatures. Reproductive and morphological changes occur in response to environmental changes including pH, fluctuating nutrient concentrations, and metals at levels above toxic thresholds. Rhizoids share some features of hyphae, including the spatial regulation of branching and the ability to attach, adapt to, and proliferate in different substrates, albeit on a microscale. Soil chytrids provide a pool of novel enzymes and proteins which enable a range of lifestyles as saprotrophs or parasites, but also can be utilised as alternative tools with some biotechnological applications. Thus, 3D live-cell imaging and micromodels such as MicroCT may provide insight into zoospore functions and rhizoid plasticity, respectively, in response to various conditions. A combination of classical techniques of soil chytrid baiting with simultaneous molecular and ecological data will provide insights into temporal population changes in response to environmental change. The authors emphasise the need to review and improve DNA-based methodologies for identifying and quantifying chytrids within the soil microbiome to expand our knowledge of their taxonomy, abundance, diversity, and functionality within soil environments.
  • 1.2K
  • 22 May 2023
Topic Review
Metabolic Engineering of Nicotiana for Anti-Cancer Compound
Alkaloids are the most diversified nitrogen-containing secondary metabolites, having antioxidant and antimicrobial properties, and are extensively used in pharmaceuticals to treat different types of cancer. Nicotiana serves as a reservoir of anti-cancer alkaloids and is also used as a model plant for the de novo synthesis of various anti-cancer molecules through genetic engineering. For ease of genetic modification and cultivation, different species of Nicotiana are widely used in biosynthetic pathway reconstitutions of various valuable anti-cancer alkaloids.
  • 418
  • 22 May 2023
Topic Review
Calcium Nutrition of Broilers
Calcium (Ca) is essential for the skeletal growth and a plethora of other functions in broilers. Over 80% of Ca in broiler diets is supplied by inorganic Ca sources among which limestone is the predominant Ca supplement. Currently, considerable attention is being directed towards the use of digestible Ca in poultry feed formulations.The specific aim of the present overview was to highlight the recent advances in the measurement of ileal Ca digestibility of Ca sources and digestible Ca requirement of broilers.
  • 473
  • 22 May 2023
Topic Review
Perspectives of Metabolic Syndrome-Related Organoids
Organoids are spontaneously formed multicellular structures that provide a reliable model for studying early development and certain diseases. MetS is a systemic disease that affects multiple organs and tissues throughout the human body. A single organoid is not a good model for studying metabolic syndrome, as it lacks the organ-to-organ and system-to-system interactions necessary to study the disease. Secondly, the current immaturity of organoids and the inability to produce them on a large scale and in a standardized manner have created significant limitations for the study of various diseases, especially systemic diseases such as Mets. However, the combination of organoids with other technologies is expected to break the metabolic syndrome research bottleneck. 
  • 298
  • 22 May 2023
Topic Review
Lyme Borreliosis
The diagnosis of Lyme borreliosis is based on two-tier testing using an ELISA and Western blot. About 5–10% of patients report persistent symptoms of unknown etiology after treatment, resulting in substantial difficulties in further diagnostic workup.
  • 318
  • 22 May 2023
Topic Review
Fermentation in Traditional Foods
Fermentation counts among the oldest food-processing technologies and is applied historically in almost every culture to prepare a wide variety of staple foods that play an important role in human diets.
  • 434
  • 22 May 2023
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