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Topic Review
Sinonasal Inverted Papilloma and Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Inverted papillomas (IP) are the most common sinonasal tumor with a tendency for recurrence, potential attachment to the orbit and skull base, and risk of malignant degeneration into squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). While the overall rate of recurrence has decreased with the widespread adoption of high-definition endoscopic optics and advanced surgical tools, there remain challenges in managing tumors that are multiply recurrent or involve vital neurovascular structures. The World Health Organization has defined three subtypes of sinonasal Schneiderian papillomas: inverted, exophytic, and oncocytic lesions.
  • 517
  • 23 May 2022
Topic Review
Sinoatrial Node in Single-Cell RNA Sequencing
Normal cardiac automaticity is dependent on the pacemaker cells of the sinoatrial node (SAN). Insufficient cardiac pacemaking leads to the development of sick sinus syndrome (SSS). The development of more effective treatments for SSS, including biological pacemakers, requires further understanding of these genes and signaling pathways. Compared with genetic models and bulk RNA sequencing, single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) technology promises to advance the understanding of cellular phenotype heterogeneity and molecular regulation during SAN development.
  • 634
  • 09 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Sinhapura
Sinhapura (Sanskrit, "Lion City"; IAST: Siṃhapura) was the capital of the legendary Indian king Sinhabahu. It has been mentioned in the Buddhist legends about Prince Vijaya. The name is also transliterated as Sihapura or Singhapura. The location of Sinhapura is disputed with some scholars claiming the city was located in eastern India and others claiming it was located in present-day Malaysia or Thailand. The city is linked to the origin of the Sinhalese people and Sinhalese Buddhist mythology.
  • 2.9K
  • 27 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Singlet Oxygen in Plants
In a recent review published in Int. J. Mol. Sci. (https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21093237), we summarize the current understanding of the sites and mechanisms of production of singlet oxygen (1O2) in the plant body, and of emerging physiological roles of 1O2 production in plants. We consider well-characterized mechanisms of 1O2 generation in chloroplast grana cores and novel data on 1O2 formation at grana margins. We discuss signal functions of 1O2 in acclimation to excess light, in chloroplast quality control and in the initiation of programmed cell death (PCD), as well as the less clear roles of stress-related 1O2 production in roots. We argue that infiltration of 1O2-specific membrane-impermeable fluorescent probes in the apoplast provides a useful comparative approach to estimate levels of 1O2 formation in chloroplasts. We present a preliminary overview of cellular mechanisms and signaling pathways leading to 1O2-triggered PCD in plants.
  • 737
  • 02 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Single-Tear Proteomics and Precision Medicine
The tear film is formed by two distinct layers: an outer lipid layer and an inner aqueous layer containing proteins, metabolites, electrolytes, mucins, and transmembrane glycoproteins. The composition of these layers reflects the pathophysiological state of the tissues underneath, as well as that of the whole body, which makes tears an attractive source of potential biomarkers for the evaluation of health and disease states .Thanks to the high protein concentration (approximately ranging between 4 and 10 μg/μL in basal, open-eye tears) , tears can be easily analyzed by proteomics approaches, despite the low amount of sample that can be normally collected (around 6 μL from a single withdrawal).
  • 309
  • 09 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Single-Stranded DNA Binding Protein in DNA Metabolism
Single-stranded DNA-binding proteins (SSBs) play vital roles in DNA metabolism. Proteins of the SSB family exclusively and transiently bind to ssDNA, preventing the DNA double helix from re-annealing and maintaining genome integrity. In the meantime, they interact and coordinate with various proteins vital for DNA replication, recombination, and repair. Although SSB is essential for DNA metabolism, proteins of the SSB family have been long described as accessory players, primarily due to their unclear dynamics and mechanistic interaction with DNA and its partners. Recently-developed single-molecule tools, together with biochemical ensemble techniques and structural methods, have enhanced our understanding of the different coordination roles that SSB plays during DNA metabolism. 
  • 797
  • 15 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Single-Molecule Magnetic Sequencing
Magnetic sequencing is a single-molecule sequencing method in development. A DNA hairpin, containing the sequence of interest, is bound between a magnetic bead and a glass surface. A magnetic field is applied to stretch the hairpin open into single strands, and the hairpin refolds after decreasing of the magnetic field. The hairpin length can be determined by direct imaging of the diffraction rings of the magnetic beads using a simple microscope. The DNA sequences are determined by measuring the changes in the hairpin length following successful hybridization of complementary nucleotides.
  • 463
  • 18 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Single-Molecule Localization Microscopy
Super-resolution microscopy (SRM) achieves sub-diffraction limited resolution by either deterministic or stochastic time-controlled emission of fluorescence from only a subset of fluorophores from the total fluorophore population in the specimen. Single-molecule localization microscopy (SMLM) allows for the visualization of individual fluorophores at the level of individual molecules based on the temporal separation of individual fluorescent molecules. This relatively simple principle allows for the detection at subsequent time intervals of a sparse subset of well-separated fluorophores and reconstruction of a final super-resolved image from the localization of the centers of the fluorophores.
  • 1.0K
  • 11 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Single-Molecule Labeling and Imaging Strategies
Single-molecule imaging is emerging as a revolutionary approach to studying fundamental questions in plants. However, compared with its use in animals, the application of single-molecule imaging in plants is still underexplored. 
  • 863
  • 31 May 2021
Topic Review
Single-Molecule FRET Imaging
Single-molecule Förster resonance energy transfer (smFRET) has provided a powerful platform to connect structure–function in motion, revealing dynamic aspects of spikes for several viruses: SARS-CoV-2, HIV-1, influenza, and Ebola.
  • 543
  • 11 May 2021
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